Table 3.
Summary of Selected Prevalence Studies of Pretreatment Drug Resistance in Resource-limited Settings
| Study Name and Citation | Country/Region | Sample Size | Drug-naive Population (Years Studied) |
Prevalence of PDR Against Any Respectively Specific Drug Classesa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any | NNRTI | nRTI | PI | InSTI | ||||
| WHO [23] | Cameroon | 321 | Chronic (2015–2016) | 24 (8.3) | 23 (8.1) | 5 (2.4) | 1 (0.2) | NR |
| WHO [23] | Namibia | 383 | Chronic (2015–2016) | 56 (14.6) | 52 (13.8) | 6 (1.6) | 2 (0.5) | NR |
| WHO [23] | Uganda | 342 | Chronic (2016) | 48 (17.4) | 43 (15.4) | 11 (5.1) | 2 (1.0) | NR |
| WHO [23] | Zimbabwe | 353 | Chronic (2015–2016) | 34 (10.9) | 34 (10.9) | 3 (0.8) | 0 (0) | NR |
| WHO [23] | Guatemala | 241 | Chronic (2016) | 34 (15.1) | 29 (13.2) | 9 (3.2) | 2 (0.6) | NR |
| WHO [23] | Mexico | 260 | Chronic (2015–2016) | 34 (13.5) | 22 (9.2) | 14 (5.5) | 7 (2.6) | NR |
| WHO [23] | Nicaragua | 171 | Chronic (2015–2016) | 40 (23.4) | 33 (19.3) | 18 (10.5) | 0 (0) | NR |
| WHO [23] | Argentina | 294 | Chronic (2014–2016) | 41 (13.8) | 33 (10.9) | 10 (3.7) | 6 (1.9) | NR |
| WHO [23] | Brazil | 1391 | Chronic (2013–2016) | 137 (9.8) | 94 (6.8) | 50 (3.6) | 13 (0.9) | NR |
| WHO [23] | Colombia | 192 | Chronic (2016) | 19 (9.9) | 12 (6.3) | 7 (3.6) | 0 (0) | NR |
| WHO [23] | Myanmar | 327 | Chronic (2016) | 21 (5.4) | 16 (3.9) | 5 (1.4) | 1 (0.2) | NR |
| Metanalysis, Gupta et al. [5] |
South Africa | 11 855 | Chronic (estimates for 2016) | 11% [7.5–15.9] |
10.7%b [8.4–13.7] |
2.2b [1.2–3.8] |
NR | NR |
| Metanalysis, Gupta et al. [5] |
Eastern Africa | 7169 | Chronic (estimates for 2016) |
10.1% [5.1–19.4] |
10.1%b [8.2–12.4] |
3.2%b [3.3–8.5] |
NR | NR |
| Metanalysis, Gupta et al. [5] | Western and Central Africa | 4924 | Chronic (estimates for 2016) |
7.2% [2.9–16.5] |
5.3%b [3.3–8.5] |
3.7%b [2.0–6.5] |
NR | NR |
| Metanalysis, Gupta et al. [5] | Latin America and Caribbean | 16 008 | Chronic (estimates for 2016) |
9.4% [6.2–12.4] |
8.8%b [6.2–12.4] |
4.1%b [2.5–6.5] |
NR | NR |
| Metanalysis, Gupta et al. [5] | Asia | 16 088 | Chronic (estimates for 2016) |
3.2% [1.8–5.6] |
4%b [2.1–6.7] |
1.5b [0.5–3.5] |
NR | NR |
Abbreviations: InSTI, integrase strand transfer inhibitor; NNRTI, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NR, not reported; nRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PDR, pretreatment drug resistance; PI, protease inhibitor; WHO, World Health Organization.
aValues are provided as either No. (%) or % [confidence interval].
bData published in supplementary appendix on page 18 of Gupta et al. [5].