Mucosal wound healing and inflammatory responses were observed in CVS after live HSV-2 inoculation. (A) Using mass spectrometry, a total of 526 and 726 proteins were detected in CVS samples from live HSV-2-challenged RM (groups 2, 3, and 4; n = 12) and inactivated HSV-2-challenged macaques (group 5; n = 3), respectively. (B) Significantly differentially expressed proteins were identified on days 1 and 2 after live HSV-2 challenge relative to baseline (day 0). The proportion of proteins that were significantly different at an unadjusted P value of <0.05 (pink) and adjusted P value of <0.05 (FDR = 5% [green]) are displayed. Significant protein changes were also observed 1 day after a second live HSV-2 challenge (day 29). No significant protein alterations were observed after challenge with inactivated HSV-2 (P > 0.05). (C) Differentially expressed proteins in CVS of 12 RM (groups 2, 3, and 4) after live HSV-2 challenge displayed as a heat map. (D) The top 3 functions associated with proteins that were significantly altered in groups 2, 3, and 4 on days 1 (purple bars), 2 (green bars), and 29 (red bars) by live HSV-2 challenge were related to wound healing, innate immunity, and inflammation.