Table 3.
Results of multivariable analysis, surrogate decision-maker–related variables*
| Exposure Variable | β Coefficient (95%CI)† | Potential Confounders |
|---|---|---|
| Surrogate age | −0.08 (−0.25 to 0.08) | Surrogate religion |
| Surrogate employment | ||
| Surrogate education | ||
| Surrogate HADS‡ | ||
| Surrogate race | Surrogate religion | |
| Black | 1.86 (−3.44 to 7.15) | Surrogate employment |
| Other | 3.96 (−2.32 to 10.25) | Surrogate education |
| White | — | Surrogate marital status |
| Surrogate HADS‡ | ||
| Surrogate female sex | 2.47 (−1.82 to 6.75) | Surrogate religion |
| Surrogate employment | ||
| Surrogate education | ||
| Surrogate HADS‡ | ||
| Surrogate Hispanic or Latino | −1.68 (−8.49 to 5.12) | Surrogate religion |
| Surrogate employment | ||
| Surrogate education | ||
| Surrogate HADS‡ | ||
| Surrogate marital status | Surrogate employment | |
| Married/live with partner | −2.34 (−7.38 to 2.71) | Surrogate race |
| Separated/divorced | −0.86 (−7.78 to 6.07) | Surrogate religion |
| Single/widowed | — | Surrogate HADS‡ |
| Surrogate level of education | Surrogate race | |
| Advanced degree | −1.16 (−7.45 to 5.14) | Surrogate ethnicity |
| College graduate | −1.05 (−6.59 to 4.49) | Surrogate sex |
| Some college | 1.24 (−4.2 to 6.69) | Surrogate religion |
| High school or less | — | Surrogate employment |
| Surrogate HADS‡ | ||
| Surrogate marital status | ||
| Patient insurance | ||
| Surrogate employment | Surrogate race | |
| Disabled | 5.79 (−3.22 to 14.8) | Surrogate ethnicity |
| Employed/student | 3.45 (−3.4 to 10.31) | Surrogate sex |
| Homemaker | −1.48 (−11.09 to 8.12) | Surrogate age |
| Retired | 2.95 (−5.63 to 11.53) | Surrogate education |
| Unemployed | — | Surrogate HADS‡ |
| Surrogate marital status | ||
| Patient insurance | ||
| Level of income of primary surrogate§ | Surrogate race | |
| Prefer not to answer | −6.3 (−15.16 to 2.57) | Surrogate ethnicity |
| >$100,000 | −3.4 (−14.24 to 7.43) | Surrogate sex |
| $40,000–$100,000 | −5.44 (−14.18 to 3.3) | Surrogate age |
| $15,000–$39,999 | −7.57 (−16.43 to 1.29) | Surrogate education |
| <$15,000 | — | Surrogate employment |
| Surrogate marital status | ||
| Patient insurance | ||
| Surrogate HADS‡ | ||
| Surrogate religious beliefs | Surrogate race | |
| Catholic | 6.54 (−4.24 to 17.32) | Surrogate ethnicity |
| Jewish | 6.97 (−5.75 to 19.7) | Surrogate sex‡ |
| Protestant | 6.05 (−3.54 to 15.63) | Surrogate age |
| Other | 13.13 (0.64 to 25.62) | Surrogate marital status |
| None | — | |
| Surrogate relationship to patient | Surrogate HADS‡ | |
| Child | −0.65 (−8.79 to 7.5) | Patient age |
| Parent | 2.44 (−6.58 to 11.47) | |
| Sibling | 2.6 (−6.36 to 11.57) | |
| Spouse/partner | 1.89 (−6.12 to 9.9) | |
| Other | — | |
| Two or more surrogate decision-makers per patient | −3.63 (−7.74 to 0.48) | Surrogate HADS‡ |
| Surrogate designation as legal healthcare power of attorney | −2.22 (−6.45 to 2.0) | Patient Cancer |
| Patient ADLs | ||
| Patient iADLs | ||
| Patient HADS‡ | ||
| Surrogate hospital anxiety and depression scale | 1.02 (0.73 to 1.3) | Surrogate race |
| Surrogate ethnicity | ||
| Surrogate sex | ||
| Surrogate age | ||
| Surrogate employment status | ||
| 2 + Surrogates per patient | ||
| Relationship to patient | ||
| Patient age | ||
| Patient Advance directive | ||
| Patient ADLs | ||
| Patient liver disease | ||
| Patient cancer | ||
| Patient ESRD | ||
| Patient ProVent | ||
| Patient RASS |
Definition of abbreviations: ADLs = activities of daily living; CI = confidence interval; ESRD = end-stage renal disease; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; iADLs = instrumental activities of daily living; IES-R = Impact of Events Score–Revised; RASS = Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale.
Em dash (—) indicates reference group.
All models were adjusted for multiple respondents.
For continuous variables, the coefficient represents mean change in IES-R score per one-unit increase. For categorical variables, the coefficient represents mean difference in IES-R score as compared to the reference group.
P < 0.05.
Model includes primary surrogate decision-makers only.