Table 4.
Results of multivariable analysis, patient-related variables*
| Exposure Variable | β Coefficient (95%CI)† | Potential Confounders |
|---|---|---|
| Patient age | −0.05 (−0.18 to 0.08) | Patient ADLs |
| Patient iADLs | ||
| Patient cancer | ||
| Patient liver disease | ||
| Patient stroke | ||
| Patient ESRD | ||
| Patient advance directive | ||
| Surrogate HADS‡ | ||
| Patient female sex | −2.01 (−6.59 to 2.58) | |
| Patient Insurance | Patient stroke | |
| Commercial | 2.2 (−5.3 to 9.69) | Patient ESRD |
| Medicaid | 1.81 (−7.73 to 11.35) | Patient cancer |
| Medicare | 0.22 (−7.07 to 7.51) | Patient liver disease |
| None | — | Patient advance directive |
| Surrogate HADS‡ | ||
| Patient history of liver disease | 2.48 (−4.29 to 9.25) | Patient age |
| Patient insurance | ||
| Patient ADLs | ||
| Patient iADLs | ||
| Surrogate HADS‡ | ||
| Patient RASS‡ | ||
| Patient history of cancer | −4.45 (−9.53 to 0.62) | Patient age |
| Patient race | ||
| Patient ethnicity | ||
| Patient insurance | ||
| Patient advance directive | ||
| Patient ADLs | ||
| Patient iADLs | ||
| Surrogate HADS‡ | ||
| Patient history of stroke | −1.4 (−9.26 to 6.45) | Patient age |
| Patient race | ||
| Patient insurance | ||
| Patient advance directive | ||
| Patient ADLs | ||
| Patient iADLs | ||
| Surrogate HADS‡ | ||
| Patient history of end-stage renal disease | −8.58 (−20.94 to 3.79) | Patient age |
| Patient race | ||
| Patient insurance | ||
| Patient advance directive | ||
| Patient ADLs | ||
| Patient iADLs | ||
| Surrogate HADS‡ | ||
| Patient RASS‡ | ||
| Presence of advance directive | −4.74 (−9.82 to 0.34) | Patient age |
| Patient race | ||
| Patient ethnicity | ||
| Patient insurance | ||
| Patient cancer | ||
| Patient ESRD | ||
| Patient stroke | ||
| Patient ADLs | ||
| Patient iADLs | ||
| Surrogate HADS‡ | ||
| ADLs | 0.14 (−1.32 to 1.6) | Patient Age |
| Patient insurance | ||
| Patient cancer | ||
| Patient ESRD | ||
| Patient liver disease | ||
| Patient stroke | ||
| Patient iADLs | ||
| Surrogate HADS‡ | ||
| Pre-ICU hospital length of stay | 0.01 (−0.22 to 0.25) | Patient liver disease |
| Surrogate HADS‡ | ||
| Patient age | ||
| 1-year mortality as estimated by ProVent14 score | −0.04 (−0.15 to 0.08) | Patient pre-ICU LOS |
| Surrogate HADS‡ | ||
| Patient RASS‡ | ||
| Patient ADLs | ||
| Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale at enrollment | Patient liver disease | |
| −5 or −4 (unresponsive) | 8.39 (0.83 to 15.95) | Patient ESRD |
| −3 to −1 (arousable) | 2.48 (−5.18 to 10.15) | Patient ProVent |
| 0 and above (awake) | — | Surrogate HADS‡ |
Definition of abbreviations: ADLs = activities of daily living; CI = confidence interval; ESRD = end-stage renal disease; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; iADLs = instrumental activities of daily living; IES-R = Impact of Events Score–Revised; ICU = intensive care unit; LOS = length of stay; RASS = Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale.
Em dash (—) indicates reference group.
*
All models were adjusted for multiple respondents.
†
For continuous variables, the coefficient represents mean change in IES-R score per one-unit increase. For categorical variables, the coefficient represents mean difference in IES-R score as compared to the reference group.
‡
P < 0.05.