Table 1.

Major lncRNAs involved in immunity regulation. IQGAP, IQ‐motif‐containing GTPase‐activating protein 1; LRRK2, leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2; MBD1, methyl‐CpG‐binding domain protein 1; PACER, p50‐associated COX‐2 extragenic RNA; PTGS2, prostaglandin‐endoperoxide synthase 2; RasGEF1b, Ras‐GEF domain‐containing family member 1b; ICAM1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; Bcl2l11, Bcl2‐like protein 11; hnRNPL/D, heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L/D

lncRNA	Type of cell	Function	Potential application	Reference
TBILA	Stromal cells	Upregulates TGF‐β; induces EMT in NSCLC	Target for anticancer therapies	Lu et al. (2018)
lnc‐ACOD1	Macrophages	Reduces viral load through IRF/IFN‐I‐independent pathway. It is involved in amino acid metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycles	Target for anticancer and antiviral therapies	Li et al. (2016)
HOTAIR	Myeloid cells	Induces differentiation of granulocytes	Diagnostic marker	Zhang et al. (2014)
lnc‐CHOP	Myeloid cells	Induces immune suppression of MDSCs through activation of C/EBPβ and upregulation of arginase I, NO synthase, NADPH oxidase 2 and COX2	Target for anticancer therapies	Gao et al. (2018)
lnc‐DC	Dendritic cells	Regulates of DCs differentiation by activating STAT3	Target for anticancer therapies	Wang et al. (2014)
BLACAT1	T cells	Increases Treg infiltration activating the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway	Diagnostic marker	Su et al. (2017)
CD244	T cells	Regulates TNF‐α through modulation of chromatin methylation of the gene PCR2; inhibits expression of IFN‐γ	Diagnostic marker	Kang et al. (2017)
NeST	T cells	Regulates IFN‐γ accumulation and transcription by recruiting its promoter complex	Target for anticancer, antiviral and antibacterial therapies	Collier et al. (2012), Gomez et al. (2013)
Lethe	Stromal cells	Is induced by IL‐1β and TNF‐α and acts as a NF‐κB decoy molecule to limit inflammation. It binds nuclear RelA homodimers and prevents their accumulation at target gene loci, including IL‐6. It induces also transcription of IL‐8 and SOD2	Target for metabolic and anticancer therapies	Rapicavoli et al. (2013)
lnc‐COX2	Macrophages	Is induced downstream of TLR activation in macrophages and DCs to repress and activate large gene sets. It represses IL‐12β regulator chemokines (CCL5, CX3CL1), chemokine receptor (CCR1) and IFN‐γ‐stimulated genes (IRF7, Oas1α)	Diagnostic marker and target for anticancer therapies	Carpenter et al. (2013)
NRON	T cells	Restricts inappropriate activation of CD4+ T cells by sequestering phosphorylated NFAT in the cytoplasm in a large protein complex with IQGAP and LRRK2	Diagnostic marker	Willingham et al. (2005)
THRIL	Monocytes	Is activated after exposure to bacteria lipoteichoic acid; it regulates expression of inflammatory genes by recruiting hnRNPL	Target for anticancer therapies	Li et al. (2014b)
H19	Stem cells	Maintains long‐term stem cell quiescence and self‐renewal. H19 binds MBD1 and recruit methyltransferase complexes to place repressive methylation marks on target imprinted loci	Diagnostic marker and target for anticancer therapies	Monnier et al. (2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013)
PACER	Monocytes	Induces PTGS2 expression by sequestering NF‐κB p50 subunit	Target for anticancer therapies	Krawczyk and Emerson (2014)
RasGEF1b	Macrophages	Acts as a miRNA sponge that targets ICAM1 to regulate expression of inflammatory molecules	Target against microbial infection and for anticancer therapies	Ng et al. (2016)
Morrbid	Myeloid cells	Regulates lifespan of neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes by repressing Bcl2 by promoting the enrichment of the PRC2 complex at the Bcl2l11 promoter to maintain this gene in a poised state.	Target for anticancer and inflammatory syndrome therapies	Kotzin et al. (2016)
lnc13	Macrophages	Binds to hnRNPD to suppress transcription of immune response genes	Diagnostic marker	Castellanos‐Rubio et al. (2016)