Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of patient population by LA enlargement
| Variable a | Overall (n = 10,890) | Normal [< 52 mL/m2] (n = 6471) | Mild [52–62 mL/m2] (n = 1617) | Moderate [63–73 mL/m2] (n = 1142) | Severe [> 73 mL/m2] (n = 1660) | P – value b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 60 (48, 69) | 57 (44, 67) | 61 (51, 70) | 64 (54, 72) | 65 (55, 75) | < 0.001 |
| Female (%) | 43% | 46% | 43% | 39% | 36% | < 0.001 |
| Race | ||||||
| White (%) | 74% | 73% | 74% | 76% | 74% | 0.09 |
| Black (%) | 17% | 17% | 16% | 16% | 17% | |
| Asian (%) | 4% | 5% | 4% | 3% | 3% | |
| Other (%) | 5% | 5% | 6% | 5% | 6% | |
| Anthropometric Indices | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.7 (24.2, 32) | 28 (24.3, 32.3) | 28 (24.4, 32.1) | 27.8 (24.3, 31.6) | 26.4 (23.4, 30.5) | < 0.001 |
| BSA (m2) | 2 (1.8, 2.2) | 2 (1.8, 2.2) | 2 (1.8, 2.2) | 2 (1.8, 2.2) | 2 (1.8, 2.1) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 127 (114, 140) | 127 (115, 139) | 127 (115, 141) | 128 (114, 141) | 126 (112, 141) | 0.19 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 73 (65, 82) | 73 (65, 82) | 73 (64, 82) | 72 (64, 81) | 72 (64, 82) | 0.3 |
| Heart Rate (bpm) | 72 (63, 82) | 72 (63, 82) | 70 (62, 81) | 71 (62, 83) | 73 (62, 85) | < 0.001 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 41 (37, 45) | 42 (38, 45) | 41 (36, 45) | 40 (35, 44) | 40 (36, 45) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 78 (62, 97) | 81 (66, 101) | 77 (60, 94) | 74 (57, 90) | 70 (56, 88) | < 0.001 |
| Clinical History | ||||||
| Myocardial Infarction (%) | 14% | 12% | 15% | 17% | 16% | < 0.001 |
| Current Smoker (%) | 10% | 10% | 9% | 10% | 9% | 0.66 |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 9% | 4% | 11% | 16% | 24% | < 0.001 |
| Non-ischemic CMP (%) | 9% | 7% | 10% | 10% | 15% | < 0.001 |
| Heart Failure | 25% | 17% | 28% | 37% | 45% | < 0.001 |
| NYHA Class I (%) | 6% | 10% | 3% | 6% | 3% | < 0.001 |
| NYHA Class II (%) | 36% | 43% | 35% | 32% | 29% | |
| NYHA Class III (%) | 51% | 41% | 56% | 56% | 60% | |
| NYHA Class IV (%) | 7% | 6% | 5% | 6% | 8% | |
| History of Hypertension (%) | 63% | 58% | 67% | 72% | 70% | < 0.001 |
| History of Dyslipidemia (%) | 51% | 49% | 52% | 53% | 53% | 0.007 |
| History of Diabetes (%) | 23% | 22% | 26% | 27% | 22% | < 0.001 |
| Family History of CAD (%) | 49% | 47% | 50% | 54% | 54% | < 0.001 |
| Inpatient (%) | 33% | 28% | 34% | 39% | 44% | < 0.001 |
| Reason for Scan | ||||||
| CHF/CMP Evaluation (%) | 23% | 13% | 18% | 25% | 68% | < 0.001 |
| Valve Assessment (%) | 16% | 15% | 21% | 23% | 13% | < 0.001 |
| Coronary Artery Disease (%) | 19% | 22% | 22% | 17% | 9% | < 0.001 |
| Arrhythmia (%) | 12% | 8% | 9% | 11% | 33% | < 0.001 |
| Congenital (%) | 7% | 9% | 5% | 5% | 1% | < 0.001 |
| Mass/Thrombus (%) | 6% | 7% | 5% | 3% | 3% | < 0.001 |
| Medication use | ||||||
| Antihypertensive use (%) | 77% | 71% | 81% | 85% | 89% | < 0.001 |
| Antiplatelet use (%) | 48% | 47% | 49% | 52% | 47% | 0.013 |
| Anticoagulant use (%) | 23% | 17% | 23% | 30% | 37% | < 0.001 |
| Statin use (%) | 44% | 42% | 45% | 48% | 45% | 0.006 |
| Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics | ||||||
| LA volume Indexed (mL/m2) | 47 (36, 63) | 39 (32, 45) | 57 (54, 60) | 67 (65, 70) | 88 (79, 103) | – |
| LVEDV Indexed (mL/m2) | 71 (56, 91) | 64 (53, 79) | 77 (62, 98) | 83 (66, 106) | 96 (71, 125) | < 0.001 |
| LVESV Indexed (mL/m2) | 27 (18, 44) | 23 (16, 34) | 30 (20, 51) | 34 (22, 60) | 44 (26, 75) | < 0.001 |
| LVSV Indexed (mL/m2) | 40 (32, 49) | 39 (31, 46) | 43 (34, 52) | 43 (33, 53) | 44 (33, 58) | < 0.001 |
| LVEF (%) | 61 (48, 69) | 63 (53, 70) | 60 (44, 69) | 59 (40, 68) | 54 (35, 66) | < 0.001 |
| LV Mass (g) | 131 (98, 174) | 118 (91, 154) | 144 (109, 190) | 152 (115, 194) | 166 (123, 211) | < 0.001 |
| LV Cardiac Output (L/min) | 5.6 (4.4, 6.9) | 5.3 (4.2, 6.5) | 5.8 (4.7, 7.3) | 5.9 (4.7, 7.5) | 6.2 (4.9, 8) | < 0.001 |
| LV CO Indexed (L/min/m2) | 2.9 (2.3, 3.5) | 2.7 (2.2, 3.3) | 3 (2.5, 3.6) | 3 (2.4, 3.8) | 3.2 (2.5, 4.1) | < 0.001 |
| RVEDV Indexed (mL/m2) | 69 (55, 86) | 64 (51, 78) | 72 (58, 88) | 77 (62, 93) | 83 (65, 106) | < 0.001 |
| RVESV Indexed (mL/m2) | 32 (24, 43) | 29 (22, 38) | 33 (25, 44) | 37 (28, 49) | 44 (31, 63) | < 0.001 |
| RVSV Indexed (mL/m2) | 35 (27, 44) | 35 (27, 43) | 38 (29, 46) | 38 (29, 46) | 36 (28, 46) | < 0.001 |
| RVEF (%) | 53 (45, 60) | 54 (48, 61) | 54 (45, 60) | 51 (42, 58) | 47 (36, 55) | < 0.001 |
| LV Myocardial Scar (%) | 0 (0, 3) | 0 (0, 2) | 0 (0, 4) | 0 (0, 5) | 1 (0, 5) | < 0.001 |
| Any Scar in LV (%) | 38% | 32% | 42% | 45% | 53% | < 0.001 |
| Outcomes | ||||||
| Death | 835 (7.7%) | 394 (6.1%) | 133 (8.2%) | 103 (9%) | 205 (12.4%) | < 0.001 |
BMI body mass index, BSA body surface area, BP blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, CHF congestive heart failure, CMP cardiomyopathy, LA left atrial, LV left ventricular, RV right ventricular, EDV end diastolic volume, ESV end systolic volume, SV stroke volume, EF ejection fraction, CO cardiac output
a All values are median (interquartile ranges) and proportions
b P -values are based on Kruskal-Wallis (continuous variables) and χ2 test (categorical variables)