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. 2019 Jan 7;12:11. doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-3240-7

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Workflow of all samples. DNA of ticks and animal blood samples was extracted and PCRs for Bartonella-specific genes (16S rDNA, 16S-23S ITS) were conducted (with subsequent Sanger-sequencing of the amplicons). 16S rDNA metagenomics was used for determination of the tick microbiome (confirmed by specific PCRs) revealing the presence of further pathogens. Serum of pets and, if available, of pet owners was analyzed for serological infection markers (antibodies) known to indicate previous infections in regard to the molecular findings from ticks