Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics and outcomes stratified by use of any macrolide or fluoroquinolone during admission
| All patients | Use of any macrolide during admission | Use of any fluoroquinoloneduring admission | No macrolide or fluoroquinolone during admission | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 2107 | 650 | 954 | 587 | |
| Age | 69 (58;79) | 69 (57;78) | 69 (58;79) | 71 (60.5;79) | 0.609 |
| Male sex | 1217 (57.8%) | 388 (59.7%) | 556 (58.3%) | 332 (56.6%) | 0.949 |
| Nursing home residence1 | 100 (4.8%) | 27 (4.2%) | 48 (5.1%) | 31 (5.4%) | 0.684 |
| Radiologically proven CAP | 1604 (76.1%) | 516 (79.4%) | 739 (77.5%) | 421 (71.7%) | 0.684 |
| Smoking current/ever | 1599 (77.9%) | 491 (77.1%) | 729 (78.2%) | 449 (79.2%) | 0.998 |
| Co-morbidities | |||||
| History of cardiac disease | 733 (34.8%) | 193 (29.7%) | 342 (35.8%) | 227 (38.7%) | 0.122 |
| History of ischemic heart disease | 415 (19.7%) | 102 (15.7%) | 190 (19.9%) | 138 (23.5%) | 0.044 |
| History of atrial fibrillation | 299 (14.2%) | 88 (13.5%) | 141 (14.8%) | 86 (14.7%) | 0.935 |
| History of heart failure | 198 (9.4%) | 58 (8.9%) | 91 (9.5%) | 62 (10.6%) | 0.835 |
| History of vascular disease* | 458 (21.7%) | 130 (20.0%) | 219 (23.0%) | 133 (22.7%) | 0.698 |
| History of hypertension | 643 (30.5%) | 211 (32.5%) | 285 (29.9%) | 178 (30.3%) | 0.874 |
| History of COPD | 785 (37.3%) | 231 (35.5%) | 352 (36.9%) | 232 (39.5%) | 0.805 |
| History of diabetes | 339 (16.1%) | 83 (12.8%) | 175 (18.3%) | 97 (16.5%) | 0.088 |
| Medication use2 | |||||
| Antibiotic use before admission3 | 702 (34.1%) | 215 (33.9%) | 345 (36.7%) | 178 (31.3%) | 0.410 |
| Beta-lactam | 376 (18.3%) | 112 (17.7%) | 192 (20.4%) | 87 (15.3%) | 0.168 |
| Macrolide | 111 (5.4%) | 42 (6.6%) | 52 (5.5%) | 29 (5.1%) | 0.674 |
| Fluoroquinolone | 52 (2.5%) | 15 (2.4%) | 28 (3.0%) | 13 (2.3%) | 0.805 |
| Other antibiotic | 238 (11.6%) | 65 (10.3%) | 114 (12.1%) | 71 (12.5%) | 0.687 |
| Use of antiplatelet agents | 575 (27.4%) | 186 (28.8%) | 252 (26.5%) | 170 (29.1%) | 0.818 |
| Use of anticoagulants | 345 (16.4%) | 85 (13.2%) | 165 (17.4%) | 104 (17.8%) | 0.188 |
| Use of antihypertensives | 1057 (50.4%) | 299 (46.3%) | 485 (51.1%) | 314 (53.7%) | 0.486 |
| Use of statins | 629 (30.0%) | 185 (28.6%) | 285 (30.0%) | 186 (31.8%) | 0.843 |
| Severity scores | |||||
| PSI score | 83.7 ± 28.4 | 82.0 ± 27.9 | 84.6 ± 28.7 | 85.2 ± 28.4 | 0.007 |
| CURB65 score§ | 1 (1;2) | 1 (0;2) | 1 (1;2) | 1 (1;2) | 0.042 |
| Outcomes | |||||
| n/w cardiac event | 146 (6.9%) | 57 (8.8%) | 53 (5.6%) | 42 (7.2%) | 0.144 |
| n/w arrhythmia | 53 (2.5%) | 19 (2.9%) | 21 (2.2%) | 14 (2.4%) | 0.845 |
| n/w heart failure | 101 (4.8%) | 46 (7.1%) | 34 (3.6%) | 27 (4.6%) | 0.024 |
| n/w myocardial ischemia | 14 (0.7%) | 2 (0.3%) | 7 (0.7%) | 6 (1.0%) | 0.486 |
| Transfer to other hospital | 12 (0.6%) | 1 (0.2%) | 7 (0.7%) | 5 (0.9%) | 0.320 |
| In-hospital mortality | 66 (3.1%) | 27 (4.2%) | 35 (3.7%) | 13 (2.2%) | 0.262 |
Values are medians (interquartile range) unless otherwise noted. Plus-minus values are means ± SD
COPD denotes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
*includes cerebrovascular, peripheral artery, and thrombo-embolic disease
¶ The PSI score uses 20 clinical measures to predict risk of death within 30 days, with results ranging from 0.1% (in patients with a score of 0–50) to 27.0% (in patients with a score > 131)
§ The CURB-65 score is calculated by assigning 1 point each for confusion, uremia (blood urea nitrogen ≥ 20 mg per deciliter), high respiratory rate (≥30 breaths per minute), low systolic blood pressure (< 90 mmHg) or diastolic blood pressure (≤60 mmHg), and an age of 65 years or older, with a higher score indicating a higher risk of death within 30 days
1Between 1 and 2.2% missing values for each group
2Between 0.3–0.6% missing values for each group
3Self-reported use of antibiotics before admission