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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Semin Nephrol. 2019 Jan;39(1):107–116. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.10.009

Fig.2. SCFAs and the receptors in kidney.

Fig.2.

GPR41, GPR43, GPR109A and Olfr78 are four SCFA receptors identified in kidney. GPR41and GPR43 are activated by acetate, propionate, butyrate, and isobutyrate and function as regulators of the immune system. Luminal butyrate exerts anti-inflammatory effects via GPR109A and HDAC inhibition. SCFAs also regulate cytokine expression in T cells and generation of Tregs through HDAC inhibition. Effector Th17 cells have enhanced aerobic glycolysis, and inhibition of glycolysis promotes Treg cell generation. The activation of GPR41 can reduce blood pressure, whereas Olfr78, upon stimulation by acetate and propionate, increases blood pressure. SCFAs-mediated cytokines include IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα, TGFβ, and IL-10.