Table.

Prebiotics and probiotics in kidney disease.

	Strain	Disease type	Effect	Year	Reference
probiotics	Lactobacillus. acidophilus	CKD stage3,4	Decrease Bun, Cr, uric acid, uremic toxins	2009 2010	[78,79]
		Diabetic + HD	Glucose homeostasis, Inflammation, oxidative stress	2017	[80]
		Aging mice	Kidney klotho marker	2012	[81]
	Lactobacillus. casei	LPS induced acute inflammatory model	Regulate immuno-coagulative response	2018	[82]
	Lactobacillus. rhamnosus	MRL/lpr lupus nephritis model	Anti-inflammatory, decreased IgG2a in kidney, adjust immunity	2017	[83]
	Bifidobacteria. bifidum	Mice model of primary hyperoxaluria	Limiting absorption across intestine	2015	[84]
prebiotics	Oat and barley beta-glucans	Healthy individuals	Decrease p-cresyl sulfate	2017	[85]
	xylooligosaccharide	Obese rats	Decrease renal oxidative stress and apoptosis	2018	[86]

Abbreviations: CKD: chronic kidney disease; Bun: blood urea nitrogen; Cr: creatinine; HD: hemodialysis; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide.