TABLE 3.
Antibiotic resistance in nontyphoidal Salmonella blood isolates in England, 2004 to 2015
| Antimicrobial resistance type | No. (%) of isolates by yr |
OR (95% CI), P value vs 2009–2012 fora
: |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004–2008 | 2009–2012 | 2013–2015 | 2004–2008 | 2013–2015 | |
| Total no.b | 1,010 | 760 | 538 | ||
| Fully sensitive | 595 (58.9) | 447 (58.8) | 324 (60.2) | 1.00 (0.83–1.22), 0.968 | 1.06 (0.85–1.33), 0.611 |
| Agentsc | |||||
| Ampicillin | 172 (17.0) | 133 (17.5) | 91 (16.9) | 0.97 (0.75–1.24), 0.795 | 0.96 (0.72–1.29), 0.783 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 220 (21.8) | 153 (20.1) | 104 (19.3) | 1.10 (0.88–1.39), 0.399 | 0.95 (0.72–1.26), 0.721 |
| Nalidixic acid | 216 (21.4) | 150 (19.7) | 104 (19.3) | 1.11 (0.88–1.40), 0.397 | 0.97 (0.74–1.29), 0.856 |
| Cefoxitin | 4 (0.4) | 2 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1.51 (0.28–8.25), 0.636 | NA |
| Cefotaxime | 14 (1.4) | 6 (0.8) | 6 (1.1) | 1.77 (0.68–4.62), 0.246 | 1.42 (0.45–4.42), 0.548 |
| Ceftriaxone | 13 (1.3) | 6 (0.8) | 4 (0.7) | 1.64 (0.62–4.33), 0.319 | 0.94 (0.26–3.35), 0.926 |
| Sulfonamide | 201 (19.9) | 136 (17.9) | 97 (18.0) | 1.14 (0.90–1.45), 0.287 | 1.01 (0.76–1.35), 0.950 |
| Trimethoprim | 117 (11.6) | 88 (11.6) | 47 (8.7) | 1.00 (0.75–1.34), 0.997 | 0.73 (0.50–1.06), 0.099 |
| Tetracycline | 191 (18.9) | 120 (15.8) | 91 (16.9) | 1.24 (0.97–1.60), 0.088 | 1.09 (0.81–1.46), 0.588 |
| Chloramphenicol | 77 (7.6) | 64 (8.4) | 56 (10.4) | 0.90 (0.64–1.27), 0.540 | 1.26 (0.87–1.84), 0.224 |
| Amikacin | 7 (0.7) | 5 (0.7) | 3 (0.6) | 1.05 (0.33–3.33), 0.929 | 0.85 (0.20–3.56), 0.820 |
| Gentamicin | 21 (2.1) | 10 (1.3) | 9 (1.7) | 1.59 (0.75–3.40), 0.230 | 1.28 (0.51–3.16), 0.599 |
| Streptomycin | 160 (15.8) | 109 (14.3) | 86 (16.0) | 1.12 (0.86–1.46), 0.385 | 1.14 (0.84–1.54), 0.415 |
| Tobramycin | 10 (1.0) | 3 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 2.52 (0.69–9.20), 0.161 | 0.47 (0.05–4.53), 0.514 |
| Temocillin | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | NA | NA |
| Colistin | 14 (1.4) | 27 (3.6) | 16 (3.0) | 0.38 (0.20–0.73), 0.004 | 0.83 (0.44–1.56), 0.567 |
| Ertapenem | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 0.75 (0.05–12.05), 0.841 | 1.41 (0.09–22.65), 0.807 |
| Azithromycin | 0(0) | NA | NA | ||
| Patternsd | |||||
| First-line agente | 353 (35.0) | 255 (33.6) | 176 (32.7) | 1.06 (0.87–1.30), 0.540 | 0.96 (0.76–1.22), 0.752 |
| First-line agentf | 225 (22.3) | 156 (20.5) | 104 (19.3) | 1.11 (0.88–1.40), 0.375 | 0.93 (0.70–1.22), 0.596 |
| ≥1 agent | 361 (35.7) | 254 (33.4) | 179 (33.3) | 1.11 (0.91–1.35), 0.310 | 0.99 (0.79–1.26), 0.955 |
a
NA, not applicable.
b
Isolates not tested were excluded from total n. Percentages are rounded up to 1 decimal place.
c
For single antimicrobials and resistance to ≥1 agent, resistance is defined as an intermediate or resistant MIC. Multidrug resistance is resistance to >3 antimicrobial agents.
d
Azithromycin was not routinely tested before 2013.
e
Resistant to ≥1 of the following agents: ampicillin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and/or azithromycin.
f
Resistant to ≥1 of the following agents: ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and/or azithromycin.