Table 3.
Factors associated with AIDS mortality in the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database and AHOD cohortsa
| No. of patients | Follow‐up (years) | No. of deaths | Incidence rate (/100 PYS) | Univariate | Multivariate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SHR (95% CI) | p‐value | aSHR (95% CI) | p‐value | |||||
| Total | 10385 | 66250 | 187 | 0.28 | ||||
| Age (years) | 0.116 | |||||||
| ≤30 | 3011 | 17,628 | 49 | 0.28 | 1 | |||
| 31 to 40 | 4239 | 27,915 | 70 | 0.25 | 0.98 (0.68, 1.41) | 0.905 | ||
| 41 to 50 | 2116 | 14,302 | 40 | 0.28 | 1.11 (0.73, 1.69) | 0.621 | ||
| 51+ | 1020 | 6405 | 28 | 0.44 | 1.65 (1.03, 2.62) | 0.037 | ||
| Sex | 0.357 | |||||||
| Male | 7842 | 50,749 | 137 | 0.27 | 1 | |||
| Female | 2544 | 15,501 | 50 | 0.32 | 1.16 (0.84 to 1.61) | 0.357 | ||
| HIV mode of exposure | <0.001 | |||||||
| Heterosexual contact | 5366 | 33,915 | 114 | 0.34 | 1 | |||
| MSM | 3561 | 24,134 | 36 | 0.15 | 0.47 (0.32, 0.68) | <0.001 | ||
| Injecting drug use | 764 | 3940 | 22 | 0.56 | 1.42 (0.90, 2.24) | 0.134 | ||
| Blood products | 93 | 450 | 3 | 0.67 | 1.55 (0.49, 4.90) | 0.453 | ||
| Bisexual | 140 | 901 | 4 | 0.44 | 1.31 (0.48, 3.55) | 0.601 | ||
| Other/unknown | 462 | 2908 | 8 | 0.28 | 0.81 (0.40, 1.66) | 0.564 | ||
| CD4 (cells/μL) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| ≤100 | ‐ | 2215 | 102 | 4.60 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 101 to 200 | ‐ | 4726 | 39 | 0.83 | 0.23 (0.16, 0.34) | <0.001 | 0.31 (0.21, 0.46) | <0.001 |
| >200 | ‐ | 58,513 | 36 | 0.06 | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | <0.001 | 0.04 (0.03, 0.07) | <0.001 |
| Missing | ‐ | 795 | 10 | 1.26 | ||||
| Viral load (copies/mL) | <0.001 | 0.019 | ||||||
| ≤400 | ‐ | 50,977 | 51 | 0.10 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 401 to 10,000 | ‐ | 2469 | 12 | 0.49 | 3.42 (1.79, 6.52) | <0.001 | 1.71 (0.87, 3.34) | 0.118 |
| ≥100,001 | ‐ | 4489 | 69 | 1.54 | 8.66 (5.84, 12.84) | <0.001 | 1.95 (1.22, 3.13) | 0.006 |
| Missing | ‐ | 8314 | 55 | 0.66 | ||||
| HBV co‐infection | 0.6085 | |||||||
| Negative | 7457 | 49,623 | 120 | 0.24 | 1 | |||
| Positive | 705 | 4421 | 13 | 0.29 | 1.16 (0.65, 2.06) | 0.608 | ||
| Missing | 2224 | 12,206 | 54 | 0.44 | ||||
| HCV co‐infection | 0.027 | |||||||
| Negative | 6892 | 46,347 | 111 | 0.24 | 1 | |||
| Positive | 1110 | 6525 | 28 | 0.43 | 1.6 (1.05, 2.42) | 0.027 | ||
| Missing | 2384 | 13,377 | 48 | 0.36 | ||||
| Diabetesb | 0.014 | 0.012 | ||||||
| No | ‐ | 39,723 | 70 | 0.18 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | ‐ | 1904 | 8 | 0.42 | 2.52 (1.21, 5.26) | 0.014 | 2.56 (1.23, 5.33) | 0.012 |
| Missing | ‐ | 24,623 | 109 | 0.44 | ||||
| BMI groups | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | ‐ | 4364 | 66 | 1.51 | 5.98 (4.24, 8.44) | <0.001 | 3.33 (2.31, 4.81) | <0.001 |
| Normal range (18.5 to 24.9) | ‐ | 31,289 | 65 | 0.21 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Overweight (≥25) | ‐ | 12,168 | 2 | 0.02 | 0.09 (0.02, 0.37) | 0.001 | 0.13 (0.03, 0.54) | 0.005 |
| Missing | ‐ | 18,429 | 54 | 0.29 | ||||
| Cohort groups | <0.001 | 0.834 | ||||||
| TAHOD‐low | 3240 | 17,833 | 72 | 0.40 | 1 | 1 | ||
| TAHOD‐high | 4429 | 29,242 | 86 | 0.29 | 0.82 (0.60, 1.13) | 0.228 | 0.99 (0.68, 1.44) | 0.953 |
| AHOD | 2717 | 19,175 | 29 | 0.15 | 0.44 (0.29, 0.68) | <0.001 | 1.15 (0.64, 2.07) | 0.629 |
| Calendar year | <0.001 | |||||||
| ≤2002 | ‐ | 2046 | 8 | 0.39 | 0.58 (0.28, 1.21) | 0.148 | ||
| 2003 to 2007 | ‐ | 11,006 | 56 | 0.51 | 1 | |||
| 2008 to 2012 | ‐ | 25,968 | 98 | 0.38 | 0.87 (0.62, 1.21) | 0.414 | ||
| 2013 to 2017 | ‐ | 27,230 | 25 | 0.09 | 0.34 (0.21, 0.54) | <0.001 | ||
Global p‐values were calculated by excluding the missing category. AHOD, Australian HIV Observational Database; aSHR, adjusted sub‐hazard ratio; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; MSM, Men who have sex with men; PYS, person‐years; SHR, sub‐hazard ratio; TAHOD, TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database.
aCohorts were grouped as AHOD (all high‐income sites), TAHOD‐high (high/upper‐middle income countries) and TAHOD‐low (low‐middle/low income countries). TAHOD sites were split into high/upper‐middle income and low‐middle/low income settings based on World Bank classifications. Time‐fixed covariates: Age, Sex, HIV mode of exposure, HBV co‐infection, HCV co‐infection, Cohort Groups; time‐updated covariates: CD4, Viral Load, Diabetes, BMI Groups and Calendar year. bDiabetes was defined as documentation of one fasting blood glucose measurement ≥7 mmol/L.