Table 4.
Factors associated with non‐AIDS mortality in the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database and AHODa
| No. patients | Follow‐up (years) | No. of deaths | Incidence rate (/100 PYS) | Univariate | Multivariate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SHR (95% CI) | p‐value | aSHR (95% CI) | p‐value | |||||
| Total | 10,385 | 66,250 | 335 | 0.51 | ||||
| Age (years) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| ≤30 | 3011 | 17,628 | 59 | 0.33 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 31 to 40 | 4239 | 27,915 | 117 | 0.42 | 1.31 (0.96, 1.79) | 0.091 | 1.40 (1.02, 1.93) | 0.039 |
| 41 to 50 | 2116 | 14,302 | 68 | 0.48 | 1.51 (1.06, 2.14) | 0.021 | 1.58 (1.10, 2.27) | 0.013 |
| 51+ | 1020 | 6405 | 91 | 1.42 | 4.39 (3.17, 6.08) | <0.001 | 4.43 (3.15, 6.25) | <0.001 |
| Sex | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Male | 7842 | 50,749 | 299 | 0.59 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 2544 | 15,501 | 36 | 0.23 | 0.40 (0.28, 0.57) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.35, 0.70) | <0.001 |
| HIV mode of exposure | 0.005 | |||||||
| Heterosexual contact | 5366 | 33,915 | 150 | 0.44 | 1 | |||
| MSM | 3561 | 24,134 | 121 | 0.50 | 1.13 (0.89, 1.44) | 0.298 | ||
| Injecting drug use | 764 | 3940 | 39 | 0.99 | 1.99 (1.40, 2.83) | <0.001 | ||
| Blood products | 93 | 450 | 5 | 1.11 | 1.98 (0.82, 4.83) | 0.131 | ||
| Bisexual | 140 | 901 | 6 | 0.67 | 1.52 (0.67, 3.46) | 0.313 | ||
| Other/unknown | 462 | 2908 | 14 | 0.48 | 1.06 (0.61, 1.84) | 0.826 | ||
| CD4 (cells/μL) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| ≤100 | ‐ | 2215 | 63 | 2.84 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 101 to 200 | ‐ | 4726 | 57 | 1.21 | 0.57 (0.40, 0.83) | 0.003 | 0.61 (0.42, 0.90) | 0.011 |
| >200 | ‐ | 58,513 | 204 | 0.35 | 0.20 (0.15, 0.26) | <0.001 | 0.23 (0.17, 0.33) | <0.001 |
| Missing | ‐ | 795 | 11 | 1.38 | ||||
| Viral load (copies/mL) | <0.001 | |||||||
| ≤400 | ‐ | 50,977 | 204 | 0.40 | 1 | |||
| 401 to 10,000 | ‐ | 2469 | 15 | 0.61 | 1.31 (0.77, 2.22) | 0.313 | ||
| ≥100,001 | ‐ | 4489 | 57 | 1.27 | 2.42 (1.78, 3.29) | <0.001 | ||
| Missing | ‐ | 8314 | 59 | 0.71 | ||||
| HBV co‐infection | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Negative | 7457 | 49,623 | 230 | 0.46 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Positive | 705 | 4421 | 37 | 0.84 | 1.80 (1.27, 2.54) | 0.001 | 1.87 (1.32, 2.65) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 2224 | 12,206 | 68 | 0.56 | ||||
| HCV co‐infection | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Negative | 6892 | 46,347 | 200 | 0.43 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Positive | 1110 | 6525 | 63 | 0.97 | 2.08 (1.57, 2.76) | <0.001 | 1.96 (1.44, 2.67) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 2384 | 13,377 | 72 | 0.54 | ||||
| Diabetesb | <0.001 | 0.021 | ||||||
| No | ‐ | 39,723 | 164 | 0.41 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | ‐ | 1904 | 19 | 1 | 2.44 (1.51, 3.92) | <0.001 | 1.77 (1.09, 2.86) | 0.021 |
| Missing | ‐ | 24,623 | 152 | 0.62 | ||||
| BMI groups | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | ‐ | 4364 | 56 | 1.28 | 2.69 (1.96, 3.69) | <0.001 | 2.21 (1.56, 3.12) | <0.001 |
| Normal range (18.5 to 24.9) | ‐ | 31,289 | 127 | 0.41 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Overweight (≥25) | ‐ | 12,168 | 36 | 0.30 | 0.75 (0.52, 1.09) | 0.135 | 0.69 (0.47, 1.01) | 0.054 |
| Missing | ‐ | 18,429 | 116 | 0.63 | ||||
| Cohort groups | 0.003 | 0.001 | ||||||
| TAHOD‐low | 3240 | 17,833 | 87 | 0.49 | 1 | 1 | ||
| TAHOD‐high | 4429 | 29,242 | 122 | 0.42 | 0.89 (0.68, 1.18) | 0.421 | 0.99 (0.73, 1.34) | 0.936 |
| AHOD | 2717 | 19,175 | 126 | 0.66 | 1.35 (1.03, 1.78) | 0.029 | 1.72 (1.20, 2.46) | 0.003 |
| Calendar year | <0.001 | 0.028 | ||||||
| ≤2002 | ‐ | 2046 | 13 | 0.64 | 0.77 (0.43, 1.39) | 0.39 | 0.66 (0.36, 1.23) | 0.194 |
| 2003 to 2007 | ‐ | 11,006 | 86 | 0.78 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2008 to 2012 | ‐ | 25,968 | 136 | 0.52 | 0.68 (0.52, 0.89) | 0.006 | 0.72 (0.54, 0.96) | 0.027 |
| 2013 to 2017 | ‐ | 27,230 | 100 | 0.37 | 0.50 (0.37, 0.67) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.47, 0.87) | 0.004 |
Global p‐values were calculated by excluding the missing category. AHOD, Australian HIV Observational Database; aSHR, adjusted sub‐hazard ratio; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; MSM, Men who have sex with men; No., number; PYS, person‐years; SHR, sub‐hazard ratio; TAHOD, TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database.
aCohorts were grouped as AHOD (all high‐income sites), TAHOD‐high (high/upper‐middle income countries) and TAHOD‐low (low‐middle/low income countries). TAHOD sites were split into high/upper‐middle income and low‐middle/low income settings based on World Bank classifications. Time‐fixed covariates: age, sex, HIV mode of exposure, HBV co‐infection, HCV co‐infection, cohort groups; time‐updated covariates: CD4, viral load, diabetes, BMI groups and calendar year. bDiabetes was defined as documentation of one fasting blood glucose measurement ≥7 mmol/L.