Table 3.
The results of all outcomes for three subgroups: participants with osteopenia and osteoporosis
| Subgroups | Categories | Outcomes | Number of studies | Risk ratio or mean difference (95% CI) | P-value | P for heterogeneity | I2 (%) | Quality | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TC vs no treatment | Primary outcome | Osteoporosis-related fractures (fracture incidence) | None | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Secondary outcomes | BMD | Spine | 240,53 | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.08) | 0.0008 | 0.95 | 0 | Low | |
| Femur | 153 | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.08) | 0.16 | – | – | Low | |||
| Forearm | None | – | – | – | – | – | |||
| Ward’s triangle | 153 | 0.04 (−0.01 to 0.09) | 0.13 | – | – | Low | |||
| Quality of life (score of physical component summary) | 347,50,52 | 2.39 (−1.62 to 6.40) | 0.24 | 0.03 | 73 | Low | |||
| Quality of life (mental component summary) | 347,50,52 | 1.09 (−2.89 to 5.07) | 0.59 | 0.05 | 66 | Low | |||
| Serum calcium | 145 | −0.08 (−0.18 to 0.02) | 0.11 | – | – | Low | |||
| Serum phosphorus | 145 | 0.01 (−0.07 to 0.09) | 0.80 | – | – | Low | |||
| VAS | 153 | −2.61 (−3.51 to −1.71) | <0.00001 | – | – | Low | |||
| TC vs conventional treatments | Primary outcome | Osteoporosis-related fractures (fracture incidence) | None | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Secondary outcomes | BMD | Spine | 145 | 0.20 (0.13 to 0.28) | <0.00001 | – | – | Low | |
| Femur | 145 | 0.23 (0.16 to 0.29) | <0.00001 | – | – | Low | |||
| Serum calcium | 145 | −0.08 (−0.18 to 0.02) | 0.11 | – | – | Low | |||
| Serum phosphorus | 145 | 0.01 (−0.07 to 0.09) | 0.80 | – | – | Low | |||
| BGP | 145 | −1.37 (−2.19 to −0.55) | 0.001 | – | – | Low | |||
| TC plus conventional treatments vs conventional treatments | Primary outcome | Osteoporosis-related fractures (fracture incidence) | None | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Secondary outcomes | BMD | 249,52 | 0.07 (−0.02 to 0.15) | 0.13 | <0.00001 | 97 | Low | ||
| OSC | 150 | −0.12 (−2.36 to 2.12) | 0.92 | – | – | Low | |||
| CTX | 150 | −0.06 (−0.18 to 0.06) | 0.32 | – | – | Low | |||
| Quality of life (score of physical component summary) | 250,52 | −1.13 (−3.60 to 1.35) | 0.37 | 0.46 | 0 | Low | |||
| Quality of life (mental component summary) | 250,52 | 1.89 (−4.83 to 8.61) | 0.58 | 0.02 | 82 | Very low | |||
Abbreviations: BGP, bone gla protein; BMD, bone mineral density; CTX, C-terminal telo-peptide of type I collagen; OSC, osteocalcin; TC, Tai chi; VAS, Visual Analog Scale; –, not applicable.