. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 7.

Published in final edited form as: Neuroepidemiology. 2018 Jul 19;51(1-2):104–112. doi: 10.1159/000491442

Table 1.

Summary of pooled estimates of stroke risk factors.

Risk factor	Overall (36 studies)	UMIC (14 studies)	LrMIC (18 studies)	LIC (4 studies)
Hypertension	64% (95% CI 59–69, I² = 99%) 30 studies, 61,738 participants	65% (95% CI 58–72, I² = 100%) 12 studies, 54,545 participants	65% (95% CI 54–76, I² = 99%) 14 studies, 6,089 participants	59% (95% CI 26–87, I² = 99%) 4 studies, 1,104 participants
Smoking	25% (95% CI 19–32, I² = 99%) 26 studies, 26,329 participants	35% (95% CI 26–45, I² = 99%) 10 studies, 19,636 participants	21% (95% CI 15–27, I² = 97%) 15 studies, 6,530 participants	4% (95% CI 2–9, I² = NA) 1 study, 163 participants
Diabetes	23% (95% CI 19–28, I² = 99%) 29 studies, 61,638 participants	26% (95% CI 19–32, I² = 100%) 12 studies, 54,545 participants	26% (95% CI 17–37, I² = 99%) 13 studies, 5,989 participants	7% (95% CI 3–13, I² = 87%) 4 studies, 1,104 participants
Previous stroke	15% (95% CI 9–23, I² = 100%) 21 studies, 55,391 participants	18% (95% CI 8–32, I² = 100%) 8 studies, 49,490 participants	15% (95% CI 12–19, I² = 91%) 10 studies, 4,939 participants	10% (95% CI 2–22, I² = NA) 3 studies, 962 participants
Atrial fibrillation	9% (95% CI 7–12, I² = 98%) 23 studies, 58,897 participants	10% (95% CI 7–14, I² = 99%) 11 studies, 53,894 participants	9% (95% CI 5–14, I² = 96%) 9 studies, 4,062 participants	6% (95% CI 4–8, I² = NA) 3 studies, 941 participants

LIC, low-income country; LrMIC, lower-top income country; UMIC, upper-top income country; NA, not applicable.