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. 2018 Nov 24;70(2):435–446. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ery385

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© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 8. — A working model for ADFs involved in the regulatory network between ABA signaling and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. ABA/drought activates downstream kinases such as CKL2, which phosphorylate ADFs (ADF1/2/3/4) and repress their actin severing/depolymerizing activity. This cascade disrupts actin cytoskeleton dynamics and subsequently inhibits stomatal closure via post-translational modification (PTM). Transcriptional regulation (TR) may be complementary to the ABA signaling pathway for the activity of ADFs during stomatal movement. Transcription factors (TFs) such as AREB/ABFs up-regulate the expression of ADF5, which stabilizes actin filaments to promote stomatal closure. Additional ADFs (ADF1/2/3/4/6) may also be involved in ABA-regulated stomatal closure via TR.