Table 1. Characteristics of subjects with gout and controls.
| Gout | Controls | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 29765 | 59530 | |
| Type 2 diabetes, n(%) | 3940 (13.2) | 6334 (10.6) | <0.0001 |
| Oral anti-diabetic therapy (ATC code), n(%) | |||
| Metformin (A10BA) | 3540 (11.9) | 5753 (9.7) | <0.0001 |
| Sulfonylureas (A10BB) | 3222 (10.8) | 5675 (9.5) | <0.0001 |
| Meglitinides (A10BX) | 599 (2.0) | 1173 (2.0) | 0.6714 |
| Thiazolidinediones (A10BG) | 623 (2.1) | 1534 (2.6) | <0.0001 |
| α-glucosidase inhibitor (A10BF) | 825 (2.8) | 1695 (2.8) | 0.5202 |
| Insulin injection therapy (ATC code), n(%) | |||
| Rapid-acting (A10AB), | 484 (1.6) | 960 (1.6) | 0.8807 |
| Intermediate-acting (A10AC) | 89 (0.3) | 276 (0.5) | 0.0003 |
| Combination (A10AD) | 61 (0.2) | 205 (0.3) | 0.0003 |
| Long-acting (A10AE) | 60 (0.2) | 183 (0.3) | 0.0042 |
| Age mean(SD), years | 55.4 (16.2) | 55.3 (16.1) | 0.2865 |
| Gout diagnosis age (SD), years | 47.3 (15.9) | ||
| Age group, n(%) | |||
| 20 to 30 | 1542 (5.2) | 3158 (5.3) | |
| >30 to 40 | 4161 (14.0) | 8370 (14.1) | |
| >40 to 50 | 5794 (19.5) | 11466 (19.3) | |
| >50 to 60 | 7187 (24.1) | 14459 (24.3) | |
| >60 to 70 | 4702 (15.8) | 9450 (15.9) | |
| >70 to 80 | 4001 (13.4) | 7934 (13.3) | |
| >80 | 2378 (8.0) | 4693 (7.9) | 0.9353 |
| Gender, n(%) | |||
| Men | 24561 (82.5) | 48995 (82.3) | |
| Women | 5204 (17.5) | 10535 (17.7) | 0.4303 |
| Region, n(%) | |||
| Northern | 13788 (46.3) | 27669 (46.5) | |
| Central | 7177 (24.1) | 13936 (23.4) | |
| Southern | 7686 (25.8) | 15909 (26.7) | |
| Eastern | 825 (2.8) | 1487 (2.5) | |
| Offshore islets and other | 289 (1.0) | 529 (0.9) | 0.9423 |
| Comorbidities, n(%) | |||
| Myocardial infarction | 377 (1.3) | 451 (0.8) | <0.0001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 2256 (7.6) | 2121 (3.6) | <0.0001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1448 (4.9) | 1604 (2.7) | <0.0001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 3580 (12.0) | 4982 (8.4) | <0.0001 |
| Rheumatologic disease | 1303 (4.4) | 982 (1.6) | <0.0001 |
| Renal disease | 2162 (7.3) | 1285 (2.2) | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol-related diseases | 838 (2.8) | 598 (1.0) | <0.0001 |
SD: standard deviation; Comorbidities were defined as ≥3 outpatient claims.
Continuous and categorical variables were analyzed using a t test and chi-square test for comparisons between gout patients and controls.