Table 5. Association between allopurinol or benzbromarone use and risk of developing type 2 diabetes stratified by age group.
| Age≤50 years | Age>50 years | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type 2 diabetes events, n (%) |
Total people , n |
Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
P value | Type 2 diabetes events, n (%) |
Total people, n |
Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
P value | |
| Allopurinol (M04AA01) | ||||||||
| Cumulative exposure dose | ||||||||
| Non use | 593 (2.58) | 22994 | 1.00 | 5741(15.71) | 36536 | 1.00 | ||
| Use, mg/day | ||||||||
| >0 to 1.3 | 22 (4.88) | 451 | 1.82 (1.19–2.79) | 0.0058 | 67 (11.80) | 568 | 0.74 (0.58–0.94) | 0.0126 |
| >1.3 to 4.2 | 27 (6.08) | 444 | 2.31 (1.57–3.40) | <0.0001 | 92 (15.75) | 584 | 0.98 (0.80–1.20) | 0.8460 |
| >4.2 to 15.2 | 25 (6.25) | 400 | 2.17 (1.45–3.25) | 0.0002 | 131 (21.06) | 622 | 1.20 (1.01–1.43) | 0.0375 |
| >15.2 | 28 (9.24) | 303 | 2.93 (2.00–4.30) | <0.0001 | 159 (22.05) | 721 | 1.17 (1.00–1.37) | 0.0494 |
| Increasing uric acid excretion¶ | 267 (5.19) | 5146 | 1.90 (1.64–2.20) | <0.0001 | 1234 (16.63) | 7420 | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 0.7127 |
| Both use* | 326 (6.86) | 4753 | 2.31 (2.01–2.65) | <0.0001 | 1321 (15.81) | 8353 | 0.89 (0.84–0.95) | 0.0002 |
| Benzbromarone (M04AB03) | ||||||||
| Cumulative exposure dose | ||||||||
| Non use | 593 (2.58) | 22994 | 1.00 | 5741 (15.71) | 36536 | 1.00 | ||
| Use, mg/day | ||||||||
| >0 to 1.3 | 56 (3.72) | 1506 | 1.45 (1.10–1.90) | 0.0083 | 214 (12.83) | 1668 | 0.79 (0.69–0.90) | 0.0006 |
| >1.3 to 3.4 | 61 (4.59) | 1328 | 1.77 (1.36–2.31) | <0.0001 | 236 (13.96) | 1690 | 0.86 (0.75–0.97) | 0.0191 |
| >3.4 to 9.4 | 71 (5.96) | 1191 | 2.13 (1.66–2.72) | <0.0001 | 303 (16.30) | 1859 | 0.96 (0.85–1.07) | 0.4415 |
| >9.4 | 74 (7.38) | 1003 | 2.40 (1.88–3.06) | <0.0001 | 467 (22.47) | 2078 | 1.29 (1.17–1.42) | <0.0001 |
| Allopurinol | 102 (6.38) | 1598 | 2.28 (1.84–2.81) | <0.0001 | 449 (18.00) | 2495 | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 0.3684 |
| Probenecid or Sulfinpyrazone | 5 (4.24) | 118 | 1.56 (0.65–3.77) | 0.3194 | 14 (11.20) | 125 | 0.66 (0.39–1.12) | 0.1257 |
| Both use* | 326 (6.86) | 4753 | 2.31 (2.01–2.65) | <0.0001 | 1321(15.81) | 8353 | 0.89 (0.84–0.95) | 0.0003 |
¶Drugs used for increasing uric acid excretion were probenecid (M04AB01), sulfinpyrazone (M04AB02), and benzbromarone (M04AB03)
*Combination therapy involved allopurinol and drugs used for increasing uric acid excretion
Adjusted HR was calculated and adjusted for age group, sex, region, and comorbidities by using a Cox proportional hazards regression model.
Cumulative exposure allopurinol or benzbromarone dose: the accumulated allopurinol or benzbromarone dose divided by the total follow-up days (by the first treat gout date until the index date of type 2 diabetes or to the study end).