Table 1:
Study Sample Description, PRAMS, 2009 – 2011.
| Women who smoked before pregnancy n=15,136 | Women who quit smoking during pregnancy n=7,151 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Did not smoke during pregnancy n=7,828 | Smoked during pregnancy n= 7,308 | p-value | Sustained abstinence postpartum n=4,025 | Postpartum smoking relapse n=3,126 | p-value | |
| Age (years) | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| <=17 | 278 (3.6) | 185 (2.6) | 121 (3.0) | 137 (4.4) | ||
| 18–19 | 777 (9.9) | 665 (9.1) | 311 (7.7) | 390 (12.5) | ||
| 20–24 | 2,556 (32.7) | 2,541 (34.8) | 1,219 (30.3) | 1,110 (35.5) | ||
| 25–29 | 2,170 (27.7) | 2,083 (28.5) | 1,136 (28.2) | 847 (27.1) | ||
| 30–34 | 1,391 (17.8) | 1,160 (15.9) | 825 (20.5) | 459 (15.0) | ||
| 35–39 | 552 (7.0) | 518 (7.1) | 344 (8.6) | 158 (5.1) | ||
| >=40 | 104 (1.3) | 156 (2.1) | 69 (1.7) | 25 (0.8) | ||
| Education level (years) | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| 0–8 | 82 (1.1) | 173 (2.4) | 40 (1.0) | 36 (1.2) | ||
| 9–11 | 1,262 (16.1) | 1,843 (25.2) | 503 (12.5) | 644 (20.6) | ||
| 12 | 2,440 (31.2) | 2,814 (38.5) | 1,136 (28.2) | 1,082 (34.6) | ||
| 13–15 | 2,858 (36.5) | 2,202 (30.1) | 1,588 (39.5) | 1,016 (32.5) | ||
| >=16 | 1,186 (15.2) | 276 (3.8) | 758 (18.8) | 348 (11.1) | ||
| Marital Status | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| Married | 3,531 (45.1) | 2,511 (34.4) | 2,068 (51.4) | 1,194 (38.2) | ||
| Other | 4,297 (54.9) | 4,797 (65.6) | 1,957 (48.6) | 1,932 (61.8) | ||
| Race | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| Other Asian | 110 (1.4) | 64 (0.9) | 61 (1.5) | 39 (1.3) | ||
| White | 5,178 (66.2) | 5,012 (68.6) | 2,810 (69.8) | 1,936 (61.9) | ||
| Black | 1,081 (13.8) | 1,087 (14.9) | 367 (9.1) | 577 (18.5) | ||
| American Indian | 600 (7.7) | 444 (6.1) | 308 (7.7) | 256 (8.2) | ||
| Chinese | 9 (0.1) | 1 (0.0) | 7 (0.2) | 2 (0.1) | ||
| Japanese | 11 (0.1) | 6 (0.1) | 9 (0.2) | 2 (0.1) | ||
| Filipino | 27 (0.3) | 17 (0.2) | 21 (0.5) | 4 (0.1) | ||
| Hawaiian | 4 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | ||
| Other race | 251 (3.2) | 104 (1.4) | 140 (3.5) | 91 (2.9) | ||
| Alaskan Native | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Mixed race | 557 (7.1) | 5269 (7.8) | 300 (7.5) | 217 (6.9) | ||
| Hispanic ethnicity | <.0001 | 0.0055 | ||||
| No | 6,918 (88.4) | 6,817 (93.3) | 3,506 (87.1) | 2,790 (89.3) | ||
| Yes | 910 (11.6) | 491 (6.7) | 519 (12.9) | 336 (10.8) | ||
| Quality of prenatal care | <.0001 | 0.0037 | ||||
| Adequate | 4,931 (63.0) | 3,905 (53.4) | 2,835 (70.4) | 2,088 (66.8) | ||
| Intermediate | 1,743 (22.3) | 1,915 (26.2) | 933 (23.2) | 803 (25.7) | ||
| Inadequate | 493 (6.3) | 767 (10.5) | 257 (6.4) | 235 (7.5) | ||
| Unknown | 661 (8.4) | 721 (9.9) | ||||
| Parity | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| Primiparous | 3,956 (50.5) | 5,658 (36.4) | 2,157 (53.6) | 1,480 (47.3) | ||
| Multiparous | 3,872 (49.5) | 4,650 (63.6) | 1,868 (46.4) | 1,646 (52.7) | ||
| Method of payment | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| Medicaid | 4,143 (52.9) | 5,191 (71.0) | 1,892 (47.1) | 1,881 (60.2) | ||
| Other | 3,685 (47.1) | 2,117 (29.0) | 2,133 (53.0) | 1,245 (39.8) | ||
| Physical abuse during pregnancy | <.0001 | <.0008 | ||||
| Yes | 355 (4.5) | 578 (7.9) | 152 (3.8) | 170 (5.4) | ||
| Not reported | 7,473 (95.5) | 6,730 (92.1) | 3,873 (96.2) | 2,956 (94.6) | ||
| Days since delivery, mean (SD) | 119.33 (34.6) | 121.13 (37.0) | 0.0021 | 114.85 (31.5) | 123.88 (37.1) | <.0001 |
| Mode of participation | 0.0426 | <.0001 | ||||
| 6,095 (77.9) | 5,589 (76.5 ) | 3,319 (82.5) | 2,269 (72.6) | |||
| Phone | 1,733 (22.1) | 1,719 (23.5) | 706 (17.5) | 857 (27.4) | ||
PRAMS= Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System; SD= standard deviation; n= number; %= percentage Distribution of characteristics and smoking status was assessed using chi-square tests or t-tests. Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.