Table 2:
Stressful Life Events by Perinatal Smoking Status, PRAMS 2009 – 2011.
| Women who smoked before pregnancy n=15,136 | Women who quit smoking during pregnancy n= 7,151 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Did not smoke during pregnancy n=7,828 | Smoked during pregnancy n= 7,308 | p-value | Sustained abstinence postpartum n=4,025 | Postpartum smoking relapse n=3,126 | p-value | |
| Cumulative stress score (0 –13), mean (SD) | 2.53 (2.2) | 3.29 (2.4) | <.0001 | 2.35 (2.1) | 2.71 (2.2) | <.0001 |
| Stressful life eventsa | ||||||
| Husband/partner lost job | <.0001 | 0.0198 | ||||
| Yes | 1,398 (17.9) | 1,742 (23.8) | 667 (16.6) | 584 (18.7) | ||
| No | 6,430 (82.1) | 5,566 (76.2) | 3,358 (83.4 | 2,542 (81.3) | ||
| Lost job despite wanting to continue working | 0.0214 | |||||
| Yes | 1,169 (14.9) | 1,463 (20.0) | <.0001 | 553 (13.7) | 490 (15.7) | |
| No | 6,659 (85.1) | 5,845 (80.0) | 3,472 (86.3) | 2,636 (84.3) | ||
| Had a lot of bills couldn’t pay | <.0001 | 0.0004 | ||||
| Yes | 2,332 (29.8) | 3,064 (41.9) | 1,120 (27.8) | 990 (31.7) | ||
| No | 5,496 (70.2) | 4,244 (58.1) | 2,905 (72.2) | 2,136 (68.3) | ||
| Moved to new address | <.0001 | 0.0005 | ||||
| Yes | 3,534 (45.2) | 3,620 (49.5) | 1,750 (43.5) | 1,489 (47.6) | ||
| No | 4,294 (54.9) | 3,688 (50.5) | 2,275 (56.5) | 1,637 (52.4) | ||
| Mother was homeless | <.0001 | 0.0011 | ||||
| Yes | 387 (4.9) | 719 (9.8) | 166 (4.1) | 181 (5.8) | ||
| No | 7,441 (95.1) | 6,589 (90.2) | 3,859 (95.9) | 2,945 (94.2) | ||
| Close family member was very sick and went to hospital | <.0001 | 0.0064 | ||||
| Yes | 2,053 (26.2) | 2,159 (29.5) | 994 (24.7) | 861 (27.5) | ||
| No | 5,775 (73.8) | 5,149 (70.5) | 3,031 (75.3) | 2,265 (72.5) | ||
| Someone close to mother died | <.0001 | 0.0024 | ||||
| Yes | 1,647 (21.0) | 1,856 (25.4) | 783 (19.5) | 700 (22.4) | ||
| No | 6,181 (79.0) | 5,452 (74.6) | 3,242 (80.6) | 2,426 (77.6) | ||
| Mother got separated/divorced | <.0001 | 0.0167 | ||||
| Yes | 1,003 (12.8) | 1,236 (16.9) | 476 (11.8) | 429 (13.7) | ||
| No | 6,825 (87.2) | 6,072 (83.1) | 3,549 (88.2) | 2,697 (86.3) | ||
| Argued with husband/partner more than usual | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| Yes | 2,584 (33.1) | 2,979 (40.8) | 1,233 (30.6) | 1,104 (35.3) | ||
| No | 5,244 (67.0) | 4,329 (59.2) | 2,792 (69.4) | 2,022 (64.7) | ||
| Husband/partner or mother went to jail | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| Yes | 615 (7.9) | 1,086 (14.9) | 263 (6.5) | 298 (9.5) | ||
| No | 7,213 (92.1) | 6,222 (85.1) | 3,726 (93.5) | 2,828 (90.5) | ||
| Was in a physical fight | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| Yes | 513 (6.6) | 747 (10.2) | 222 (5.5) | 247 (7.9) | ||
| No | 7,315 (93.5) | 6,561 (89.8) | 3,802 (94.5) | 2,879 (92.1) | ||
| Husband/partner didn’t want mother to be pregnant | <.0001 | 0.0007 | ||||
| Yes | 888 (11.3) | 1,063 (14.6) | 408 (10.1) | 397 (12.7) | ||
| No | 6,940 (88.7) | 6,245 (85.5) | 3,617 (89.9) | 2,729 (87.3) | ||
| Someone close to mother had drug or alcohol problem | <.0001 | 0.0863 | ||||
| Yes | 1,683 (21.5) | 2,300 (31.5) | 830 (20.6) | 697 (22.3) | ||
| No | 6,145 (78.5) | 5,008 (68.5) | 3,195 (79.4) | 2,429 (77.7) | ||
PRAMS= Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System; SD= standard deviation; n= number; %= percentage Distribution of characteristics and smoking status was assessed using chi-square tests or t-tests. Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding
a
13-item stressful life events a subset of Modified Life Events Inventory.