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. 2019 Jan 8;7:2. doi: 10.1038/s41413-018-0038-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — NOTUM inhibition increases endocortical bone formation. a–f Treatment with NOTUM inhibitor LP-922056. a–b Male mice were given LP-922056 (10 mg·kg⁻¹ per day) by diet administration for 4 weeks. Serum levels of type 1 procollagen N-terminal propeptide (a, P1NP, N = 24) and alkaline phosphatase (b, ALP, N: control = 19, LP-922056 = 21) on day 7. d–f Dynamic histomorphometry of midshaft femur cortical bone. 10-week-old male mice were treated twice weekly with LP-922056 (30 mg·kg⁻¹) by oral gavage for 4 weeks. Mice were injected with demeclocycline, alizarin and calcein at days 3, 9 and 23, respectively (N: control = 16, LP-922056 = 12). c Single-labeled endocortical surface (Ec.sLS). d Endocortical mineralized surface per bone surface (Ec.MS/BS). e Endocortical mineral apposition rate (Ec.MAR). f Endocortical bone formation rate (Ec.BFR). g Female mice treated with LP-922056 by daily oral gavage for one week. mRNA levels of Alp, Sost and Ctsk in tibia shaft cortical bone from vehicle (control, N = 10) and LP-922056 (30 mg·kg⁻¹; N = 9) mice. h–j Female mice treated by daily oral gavage (control, N = 8) and LP-922056 (30 mg·kg⁻¹; N = 8) for 4 weeks. h Serum levels of type I collagen C-terminal degradation fragments (CTX-I), i, j Static histomorphometry of osteoclasts in the midshaft femur. Osteoclast surface per bone surface (i, Oc.S/BS; control values were (2.3 ± 0.6)% and (23.7 ± 3.1)% for endocortical and periosteal surfaces, respectively) and number of osteoclasts per bone perimeter (j, N.Oc./B.Pm.; control values were (0.95 ± 0.21) mm⁻¹ and (7.94 ± 0.80) mm⁻¹ for endocortical and periosteal surfaces, respectively) expressed as % of control. k–n Treatment with NOTUM inhibitor LP-914822 (N = 13). Male mice were given LP-914822 (30 mg·kg⁻¹) by twice daily oral gavage for 25 days. The mice were injected with demeclocycline, alizarin and calcein at days 0, 6 and 16, respectively. k Single labeled periosteal surface (Ps.sLS), l Single labeled endocortical surface (Ec.sLS). m Endocortical mineral apposition rate for days 6 to 16 (Ec.MAR). n Endocortical and periosteal bone formation rates for days 6 to 16 (BFR). Values are means ± SEM. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 vs control