Table 3.
Description of adverse effects of combinations for the treatment of tegumentary leishmaniasis.
| Treatment | Side effects | Study source |
|---|---|---|
| MA + IM | Localized pruritus, erythema and edema (77%); arthralgia, myalgia, flu-like symptoms (86%); and elevated liver enzyme levels (64%). | Arevalo et al., 2007 |
| Moderate pruritus and burning sensation (7.1%). | Firooz et al., 2006 | |
| Edema (35%); itching (10%); burning (15%); pain (5%); erythema (55%). | Miranda-Verastegui et al., 2005 | |
|
| ||
| MA + PE | Nausea (27.3%); arthralgias (9.1%); dizziness, abdominal pain, and diarrhea (9.1%). | Machado et al., 2007 |
| Vomiting (2.4%); Diarrhea (1.2%); Nausea (8.6%); Headache (11%); Asthenia (3.7%); Anorexia (3.7%); Epigastralgia (3.7%); Pain (2.4%); Dizziness (2.4%); Fever (7.4%); Arthralgia (8.6%); Myalgia (13.5%) | Brito et al., 2017 | |
|
| ||
| MA + cryotherapy | No adverse effects were observed | Farajzadeh et al., 2015 |
|
| ||
| MA + (LEISH-F1 + MPL-SE) | Local: induration (44.4 – 77.8%); erythema (11.1 – 100%); tenderness (33.3-44.4%). Systemic: headache (0-22.2%); pyrexia (0-22.2%). MA-related AEs (22.2 – 88.9%). |
Nascimento et al., 2010 |
|
| ||
| MA + GM-CSF | No adverse effects were observed | Almeida et al., 2005 |
|
| ||
| MA + OM | NR | Nilforoushzadeh et al., 2008 |
|
| ||
| il MA + silver PD | Itching and burning (35.3%); edema (33.3%). | Khatami et al., 2013 |
|
| ||
| il MA + topical honey | Dermatitis to honey (3%). | Nilforoushzadeh et al., 2007 |
|
| ||
| il MA + cryotherapy | Hyper pigmentation+trivial scar (18.7%); atrophic scar (7.5%); hypo pigmentation+trivial scar (18.8%). | Meymandi et al., 2011 |
|
| ||
| SSG + (LEISH-F1 + MPL-SE) | Local: induration (41.7 – 75.0%); erythema (50.0 – 100.0%); tenderness (66.7 – 91.7%). Systemic: anorexia (0 – 8.3%); fatigue (0 – 8.3%); malaise (25.0%); myalgia (0 – 8.3%); headache (33.3 – 50.0%). SSG-related (100%). |
Llanos Cuentas et al., 2010 |
|
| ||
| SSG + IM | Swelling (30%); itching (25%); pain (12.5%); erythema (32.5%). | Miranda-Verastegui et al., 2009 |
|
| ||
| il SSG + im SSG | im SSG: Pain at the injection site (100%). il SSG: Pain and swelling at the intralesional injection site (100%). |
El-Sayed & Anwar, 2010 |
|
| ||
| il SSG + KE | KE: No. il SSG: Pain and swelling at the intralesional injection site (100%). |
El-Sayed & Anwar, 2010 |
|
| ||
| il SSG + cryotherapy | Secondary infection (31%); lymphatic involvement (48.8%); pain at the injection site | Van Thiel et al., 2010 |
NR, not reported; G1, Group 1; G2, Group 2; G3, Group 3. MA, meglumine antimoniate; PE, pentoxifylline; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IM, imiquimod; il SSG, intralesional sodium stibugluconate; im SSG, intramuscular sodium stibugluconate; KE, ketoconazole; il MA (intralesional meglumine antimoniate); non-silver PD, non-silver containing polyester dressing; silver PD, silver containing polyester dressing; SSG, sodium stibugluconate; LEISH-F1, lyophilized LEISH-F1 protein; MPL-SE, adjuvant; OM, omeprazole; AEs, adverse events.