Table 2.
Overview of included instruments
| Name of measure | No. of items | Subscales | Study settings | Conceptual frameworka |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person-Centred Climate Questionnaire – Staff version (PCQ-S) [22, 36, 37, 50] |
14 | 1. A climate of safety 2. A climate of everydayness 3. A climate of community |
Hospital wards at three hospitals in northern Sweden [22] Australian hospital facility [36] Nursing homes in the eastern part of Norway [37] Traditional nursing homes and special care units for people with dementia, Sweden [50] |
Not included. Referred to several definitions and conceptualizations in the literature without making explicit which one they used. |
| Patient-Centred Care Competency (PCCC) [39] |
17 | 1. Respecting patients perspectives 2. Promoting patient involvement in care processes 3. Providing for patient comfort 4. Advocating for patients |
Two teaching hospitals in Seoul, Korea | Sees patient-centered care as a global concept that includes knowing and respecting patients’ values, preferences and needs; providing for patients’ physical and emotional comfort; advocating for patients; and promoting partnership between providers and patients in care decisions. |
| Person-Centred Health Care for Older Adults Survey (PCHCOA) [25] |
31 | Eight dimensions, not labeled | 17 health services (community rehabilitation centers, continence clinics, general medical, geriatric evaluation and management unit, other) across Victoria, Australia | Identified five principles underlying person-centered health care based on which the scale was developed: getting to know the patient, sharing power and responsibility, accessibility and flexibility, coordination and integration, and having an environment that is conductive to person-centered care |
| Person-Centered Care Assessment Tool, (P-CAT) [24, 33, 34, 51, 52] |
13 p | 1. Extent of personalizing care mount of organizational support 2. Degree of environmental accessibility |
Long-term aged care facilities in Australia [24] Norwegian residential units for older people [33] Residential elderly care homes in Spain [34] Residental care units for older people in Sweden [51] Residential care facilities in north-western China [52] |
Not included. Referred to several definitions and conceptualizations in the literature without making explicit which one they used. |
| Individualized care Scale (ICS-Nurse) [21, 29] |
34 | 1. ICS-A-Nurse (Explores nurses’ view on how they support patient individuality through nursing activities in general) 2. ICS-B-Nurse (Explores the extent to which they perceive the care they provide to patients as individual). Both dimensions have three subscales: Clinical situation, personal life situation, and decisional control over care |
Inpatient wards in one university, two regional and two psychiatric hospitals, and four health centers [21] One university, two central and two county hospitals [29] |
Two dimensions of individualized care, as seen from nurses’ perspective, were used to develop the scale: 1) “by exploring nurses’ views about how they support their patient’s individuality through specific nursing activities”, and 2) “by examining how nurses evaluate the maintenance of individuality in the care they provide.” |
| Person-directed care (PDC) [28, 31, 38] |
50 | 1. Knowing the person 2. Comfort care 3. Autonomy 4. Personhood 5. Support relations 6. Staff work with residents 7. Personal environment for residents 8. Management/structure |
Long-term care settings (residential care, assisted living and home care settings) in Oregon [31] The Veterans Health Administration Community Living Center [28] Korean nursing homes [38] |
Based on literature review and consultations with PDC experts (clinicians and providers), the authors identified six central dimensions of PDC: personhood, knowing the person, autonomy and choice, comfort care, nurturing relationship, and supportive environment. The scale development article provides thorough definitions of each dimension [31]. |
| Self-efficacy in patient-centeredness (SEPCQ-27) [32] |
27 | 1. Exploring the patient perspective 2. Sharing information and power 3. Dealing with communicative challenges |
Two medical schools (Aarhus University, University of Southern Denmark) and two hospitals (Aarhus and Copenhagen University hospitals) | Patient-centeredness was defined by three core attributes: 1) consider the patients’ individual experiences, needs, and perspectives; 2) provide patients opportunities to participate in their care; 3) improve the relationship between patient and clinician. |
| Person-Centered Practices in Assisted Living (PC-PAL) – staff version [26] |
62 | 1. Workforce practices 2. Social connectedness 3. Individualized care and services 4. Atmosphere 5. Caregiver-resident relationships |
Assisted Residences in North Carolina (small, medium and large communities) | Used a conceptual framework set forth by the Center for Excellence in Assisted Living (CEAL) in their Informational Guide for Person-Centered Care in AL (that person-centeredness is built on core values and philosophy, relationships and community, management/ownership/governance, leadership, workforce, services, meaningful life, environment, and accountability). |
| Individualized Care Inventory (ICI) [27, 30] |
Short version: 22 Full version: 46 |
1. Knowing the person/resident 2. Resident autonomy and choice 3. Communication (staff-to-resident communication, and staff-to-staff communication) |
Long-term care facilities in Victoria and Sidney, British Columbia (BC), Canada [30] LTC facilities in British Columbia health authorities [27] |
Literature review derived the following definition of individualized care that guided development the scale: Care that reflects 1) the individuality of the resident, i.e., knowing the person/resident, 2) an opportunity for autonomy and choice for the resident, and 3) open communication between staff themselves and between staff and residents. |
| Patient-centered care (PCC) [23] |
27 | 1. Holistic care 2. Collaborative care 3. Responsive care |
Acute care institutions in Ontario, Canada | Conceptualized PCC as holistic-, collaborative-, and responsive care based on an integrative review of conceptual, empirical, and clinical literature. |
| Geriatric Care Environment Scale (GCES) [35] |
28 | 1. Aging-Sensitive Care Delivery 2. Resource Availability 3. Institutional Values Regarding Older Adults and Staff 4. Capacity for Collaboration |
71 hospitals that are a part of a national program aimed at system improvement to achieve patient-centered care for older adults (Nurses Improving Care for Health System Elders (NICHE)) in New York. | Not included |
aAll information in this column is based on the original scale development study