Table 1.
Studies of ART adherence among people who inject drugs included in systematic review
| Author, Year | Site(s), Sample | Study Design | Objective(s) | Outcome(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altice et al., 2007 [49] | New Haven, CT (n = 141)a | Randomized controlled trial | Effect of DAART intervention on HIV RNA and CD4 count | Viral load suppression, change in CD4 count, and self-reported adherence |
| Arnsten et al., 2007 [46] | Baltimore, MD, Miami, FL, New York, NY, San Francisco, CA (n = 636)b | Cross-sectional survey | Factors associated with ART adherence and medication errors | Self-reported adherence |
| Azar et al., 2015 [42] | Vancouver, BC (n = 692)c | Prospective cohort | Effect of illicit drug use patterns on ART adherence | Pharmacy records (prescription refill data) |
| Bach et al., 2015 [52] | Vancouver, BC (n = 794)d | Prospective cohort | Effect of methadone discontinuation on ART adherence | Pharmacy records (prescription refill data) |
| Gonzalez et al., 2013 [56] | Boston, MA (n = 121) | Cross-sectional survey | Association of substance use with ART adherence | Electronic monitoring (MEMS cap data) |
| Hadland et al., 2012 [25] | Vancouver, BC (n = 545)c | Prospective cohort | Effect of age on ART adherence and viral load suppression | Pharmacy records (prescription refill data), viral load suppression |
| Ing et al., 2013 [44] | New Haven, CT (n = 74)a | Prospective cohort within a randomized controlled trial | Patterns of medication non-persistence (in DAART intervention group) | Electronic monitoring (MEMS cap data), viral load suppression |
| Joseph et al., 2015 [29] | Vancouver, BC (n = 703)d | Prospective cohort | Predictors of ART adherence | Pharmacy records (prescription refill data) |
| Kang et al., 2011 [26] | New York, NY, Bayamón, PR (n = 260) | Cross-sectional survey | Association of gender with HIV care | Self-reported use of HIV medications |
| Kavasery et al., 2009 [31] | Baltimore, MD (n = 335)e | Prospective cohort | Predictors of ART use and non-use | Self-reported dates of ART interruption and initiation |
| Knowlton et al., 2006 [33] | Baltimore, MD, Miami, FL, New York, NY, San Francisco, CA (n = 466)b | Cross-sectional survey | Factors associated with undetectable viral load | Viral load suppression |
| Knowlton et al., 2010 [34] | Baltimore, MD, Miami, FL, New York, NY, San Francisco, CA (n = 703)b | Prospective cohort | Predictors of ART use | Self-reported adherence |
| Palepu et al., 2006 [32] | Vancouver, BC (n = 278)c | Prospective cohort | Effect of methadone therapy on ART adherence, viral load suppression, and CD4 counts | Pharmacy records (prescription refill data), viral load suppression, change in CD4 count |
| Palepu et al., 2011 [28] | Vancouver, BC (n = 545)d | Prospective cohort | Effect of homelessness on ART adherence | Pharmacy records (prescription refill data) |
| Purcell et al., 2007 [50] | Baltimore, MD, Miami, FL, New York, NY, San Francisco, CA (n = 966)b | Randomized controlled trial | Effect of behavioral intervention on HIV transmission behavior, utilization of primary care, and ART adherence | Self-reported sexual and injection behaviors, self-reported number of primary care visits, self-reported adherence |
| Reddon et al., 2014 [53] | Vancouver, BC (n = 408)d | Prospective cohort | Effect of methadone therapy on ART discontinuation | Prescription refill data |
| Tapp et al., 2011 [27] | Vancouver, BC (n = 545)d | Prospective cohort | Effect of gender on ART adherence | Prescription refill data |
| Uhlmann et al., 2010 [54] | Vancouver, BC (n = 231)d | Prospective cohort | Effect of methadone therapy on ART initiation and adherence | Time to first ART use from pharmacy records (prescription refill data) |
| Waldrop-Valverde et al., 2008 [51] | South Florida, FL (n = 57) | Cross-sectional survey | Associations of low literacy and cognitive impairment with ART adherence | Self-reported adherence |
| Westergaard et al., 2013 [30] | Baltimore, MD (n = 790)e | Prospective cohort | Predictors of linkage to and retention in HIV care, and viral load suppression | Self-reported appointment attendance, self-reported lapses in care, viral load suppression |
aDAART intervention study in New Haven, CT (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00367172; n = 2)
bINSPIRE study; multisite including Baltimore (n = 4)
cVIDUS study in Vancouver, BC (n = 3)
dACCESS study in Vancouver, BC (n = 6)
eALIVE study in Baltimore, MD (n = 2)