Table 1.
List of studies reviewed on geographic variation in CMRFs
| First author Country |
Sample Age group |
Design Geographic units |
CMRFsa (data source) | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lawlor et al. UK [19] |
4286 (women) 60–79 years |
Cross-sectional 4 regions within country |
HT, BMI, LDL, TC (data collected) | Geographic variation |
| 2 | Barker et al. USA [20] |
813,498 DM ≥18 years |
Cross-sectional 644 counties in proximity |
DM prevalence ≥ 11.0%, (behavioral risk factor surveillance) | Geographic diabetic belt |
| 3 | Valdes et al. Spain [18] |
5103 adults ≥ 18 years |
Cross-sectional 2 region within country |
BP, BMI, FPG,TC, WC (Di@bet.es study) | Geographic coherence |
| 4 | Astell-Burt et al. Australia [37] |
114,755 adults ≥ 45 years |
Cross-sectional ~ 40 local government areas (2011 significant urban boundary) |
DM (the 45 and up study) | Geographic variation |
| 5 | Zhou et al. China [17] |
98,058 adults > 18 years |
Cross-sectional multilevel 31 provinces in country |
DM (National Health Survey) | Geographic variation |
| 6 | Paquet et al. AU-France [16] |
Au: 3893 (≥ 18 years) Fr: 6430 (30–79 years) |
Cross-sectional multilevel Au: 767 CDs (SS, POA, SLA LGA). Fr: 1866 IRIS (TRIRIS, Municipalities) |
BP,BMI,WC,FG,HbA1c,HR, TC,HDL, TG, (Au: NWAHS study, Fr: RECORD cohort study) | Geographic clustering |
| 7 | Alkerwi et al. Luxemberg [15] |
1432 subjects 18–69 years. |
Cross-sectional multilevel 106 municipalities (12 cantons) |
BMI, FPG,TC, GFR (ORISCAV-LUX national survey) | Geographic variation |
| 8 | Oh et al. South Korea [13] |
228,921 people ≥ 19 years |
Cross-sectional 230 administrative districts |
HT, DM (Korean Community Health Surveys) | Geographic clustering |
AU Australia, CD census collection district, POA postal area, SLA statistical local area, LGA local government area, IRIS Ilôts regroupés pour l’information statistique, TRIRIS groups of around three IRIS areas, BP blood pressure, BMI body mass index, DM diabetes mellitus, FBG fasting plasma glucose, FPG fasting glucose, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, HR heart rate, HT hypertension, TC total cholesterol; TG triglycerides, LDL low density lipoprotein, GFR glomerular filtration rate, WC waist circumference
aBehavioural risk factors excluded