Table 2.

List of studies reviewed on the association of area-level deprivation and cardiometabolic risk prevalence

	First author Country	Sample Age group	Design Spatial unit	CMRFs* (data source)	Proxies of ASED (data source)	Association
1	Bonney et al. Australia [26]	91,776 adults 55.2 ± 15.66	Cross-sectional higherarchical 631 census collection districts	BMI (the SIMLR study)	Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage (Australian Census 2006)	+ve (women)
2	Unger et al. USA [27]	5805 adults 45–84 years	Prospective cohort higherarchical Census tract level	BMI, BP, BS, TC- CVH score (The MESA study)	Neighbourhood SES (constructed summary score)	+ve
3	Maier et al. Germany [29]	33,690 adults < 30 years	Cross-sectional design 412 districts	T2DM, obesity (GEDA national health interview survey)‘	German Index of Multiple Deprivation score (assessed by GIMD)	+ve (women)
4	Silhol et al. France [33]	19,808 adults 35–50 years	Cross-sectional cohort Municipality level	Incidence of CHD (French GAZEL cohort Data)	Area socio - economic position (French Census 1990)	−ve
5	Naimi et al. Canada [36]	342 adults 18–55 years	Cross-sectional 7 census tracts	BMI, HbA1c, TG, TC, HDL—TCR (Montreal Neighbourhood Survey of Lifestyle and Health)	Area-level unemployment (Canada Census 2001)	+ve
6	Cox et al. Scotland [24]	3917 adults < 35 years	Cross-sectional 3382 census output areas (OA)	T2DM (DARTS Diabetes Audit and Research Tayside Scotland dataset)	Area deprivation (The Carstairs score based on 2001 Scotland census data)	+ve
7	Andersen et al. UK [35]	4286 women 60–79 years	Cross-sectional 457 British electoral wards	T2DM, FBG, IR (British Women’s Heart and Health Study)	Area deprivation (The Carstairs score based on 2001 census data)	+ve
8	Gabert et al. USA [25]	63,053 DM 18–74 years	Retrospective observational 120 zip code areas	BP, HbA1c, LDL (Minnesota Community Measurement electronic health records)	Area-level indicators of SES (based on American Community Survey 2013)	+ve
9	Dragano et al. GR-Czech [32]	GR: 4814 adults CZ: 8856 adults 57.7 ± 6.6 years	2 longitudinal cohort studies 326 pre-existing administrative units	Obesity, HT (GR: ‘Heinz Nixdorf Recall (HNR) Study’, Czech: ‘Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial Factors in Eastern Europe (HAPIEE) Study’)	Area-level socioeconomic status (based on census data)	+ve
10	Cubbin et al. Sweden [31]	18,081 adults 25–64 years	Pooled cross-sectional data 8624 SAMS neighbourhoods	Obesity, DM, HT (Swedish Annual Level of Living Survey (SALLS), 1988–89)	Neighbourhood deprivation (assessed by Care Need Index (CNI) 1997 data)	+ve
11	Mujahid et al. USA [28]	13,167 adults 45–64 years	Crosssectional and longitudinal (3–9 years) Census block	BMI (The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities ARIC Study)	Neighbourhood SES score (1990 U.S. Census1990)	−ve
12	Lawlor et al. UK [34]	4286 women 60–79 years	Cross-sectional 457 electoral wards	Coronary heart disease (British Women’s Heart and Health Study)	Residential area deprivation(The Carstairs score based on 1991 UK census data)	+ve
13	Roux et al. USA [30]	3093 adults 28–40 years	Cross-sectional 10 years follow up 2260 census block (in 45 states).	BMI, HDL, TG, BP, FI and FG -IRS (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults CARDIA Study)	Neighbourhood SES score (1990 U.S. Census)	−ve
14	Keita et al. USA [22]	19,079 black/white age > 45 years	Cross-sectional cohort Census block group	Obesity, WC, BP, FBG, TG, low-HDL (REGARDS study).	Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation(US Census 2000)	+ve (black/white)
15	Clark, et al. USA [23]	3909 Afro-Americans 35–84 years	Cross-sectional cohort 102 census tracts	TG, FBG, BP, WC, low-HDL (Jackson Heart Study).	Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage (US Census 2000)	+ve (women)
16	Barber et al. Brazil [21]	10617 adults 35–75 years	Cross sectional cohort Study defined clusters of contiguous census tracts	DM and HT (Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health)	Area level economic residential segregation (IBGE census 2010)	+ve

BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, BS blood sugar, CHD coronary heart disease, CVD cardiovascular disease, CVH cardiovascular health, DM diabetes mellitus, eGFR estimated Glomerular filtration rate, FBG fasting blood glucose, FG fasting glucose, FI fasting insulin, GR Germany, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, HDL high density lipoprotein, HT hypertension, IR insulin resistance, IRS insulin resistance syndrome, LDL low density lipoprotein, SES socioeconomic status, TC total cholesterol, TCR total cardiometabolic risk, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, TG triglycerides, SAMS small area market statistics