Table 1.
Cryptosporidium parvum subtype frequency distributions in published literature ranked by continent and country.
| Reference | Country | Population | Total number C. parvum isolates subtyped and numbers of subtypes | Proportion C. parvum IIc of C. parvum subtyped (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asia | ||||
| [48] | Bangladesh | Children | (n = 4) (4 × IIm) | 0 |
| [49] | Cambodia | Children | (n = 4) (4 × IIe ) | 0 |
| [50] | China | HIV+ patients | (n = 2) (2 × IId) | 0 |
| [51] | India | Adults and children | (n = 14) (6 × IIc; 5 × IId; 3 × IIe) | 43 |
| [52] | India | Children | (n = 6) (1 × IIc; 1 × IId; 2 × IIm; 2 × IIn) | 17 |
| [21] | India | Children | (n = 7) (7 × IIc) | 100 |
| [53] | India | HIV+ patients | (n = 9) (5 × IIb; 3 × IIc; 2 × IIg) | 33 |
| [54] | Iran | Children | (n = 15) (7 × IIa; 8 × IId) | 0 |
| [55] | Iran | Children | (n = 17) (6 × IIa; 11 × IId) | 0 |
| [56] | Iran | Children | (n = 22) (7 × IIa; 15 × IId) | 0 |
| [57] | Japan | Humans: not specified | (n = 2) (1 × IIa; 1 × IIc) | 50 |
| [58] | Japan | Humans: not specified | (n = 1) (1 × IIa) | 0 |
| [59] | Jordan | Adults and children | (n = 2) (1 × IIa; 1 × IId) | 0 |
| [60] | Jordan | Children | (n = 13) (3 × IIa; 2 × IIc; 8 × IId) | 15 |
| [61] | Kuwait | Children | (n = 61) (29 × IIa; 12 × IIc; 20 × IId) | 20 |
| [9] | Kuwait | Children | (n = 59) (27 × IIa; 2 × IIc; 29 × IId;1 × IIf) | 3 |
| [62] | Lebanon | Adults and children | (n = 5) (5 × IIa) | 0 |
| [63] | Malaysia | HIV+ patients | (n = 13) (12 × IIa; 1 × IId) | 0 |
| [64] | Malaysia | HIV+ patients | (n = 1) (1 × IId) | 0 |
| [65] | Yemen | Adults and children | (n = 7) (7 × IIa) | 0 |
| Africa | ||||
| [66] | Egypt | Adults and children | (n = 5) (5 × IId) | 0 |
| [67] | Egypt | Children | (n = 14) (7 × IIa; 7 × IId) | 0 |
| [17] | Equatorial Guinea | HIV+ patients | (n = 10) (7× IIc; 3 × IIe) | 70 |
| [68] | Ethiopia | HIV+ patients | (n = 82) (71 × IIa; 1 × IIb; 2 × IIc; 5 × IId; 1 × IIe; 2 × If-like 2) | 2 |
| [69] | Ethiopia | Adults and children | (n = 12) (12 × IIa) | 0 |
| [16] | Ghana | Children | (n = 37) (30 × IIc; 7 × IIe) | 81 |
| [15] | Kenya | Children | (n = 19) (19 × IIc) | 100 |
| [70] | Madagascar | Children | (n = 1) (1 × IIc) | 100 |
| [71] | Malawi | Children | (n = 2) (1 × IIc; 1 × IIe) | 50 |
| [72] | Nigeria | HIV+ patients | (n = 1) (1 × IIc) | 100 |
| [73] | Nigeria | HIV+ patients | (n = 1) (1 × IIc) | 100 |
| [74] | Nigeria | Adults and children | (n = 1) (1 × IIe) | 0 |
| [75] | Nigeria | Children | (n = 2) (2 × IIc) | 100 |
| [76] | Nigeria | HIV+ Adults | (n = 8) (4 × IIc; 4 × unspecified) | 50 |
| [18] | Nigeria | Children | (n = 23) (2 × IIa; 17 × IIc; 2 × IIi; 2 × IIm) | 74 |
| [77] | Sao Tome and Principe | Children | (n = 5) (2 × IIa; 3 × IId) | 0 |
| [78] | South Africa | Children | (n = 5) (1 × IIb; 3 × IIc; 1 × IIe) | 60 |
| [79] | South Africa | HIV + children | (n = 5) (5 × IIc) | 100 |
| [80] | Tunisia | Children | (n = 4) (2 × IIa; 2 × IId) | 0 |
| [22] | Uganda | Children | (n = 15) (10 × IIc; 1 × IIg; 1 × IIh; 3 × IIi 3) | 67 |
| Europe | ||||
| [81] | Belgium | Adults and children | (n = 6) (4 × IIa; 1 × IIc; 1 × IId) | 17 |
| [82] | Czech Republic | Adults | (n = 1) (1 × IIa) | 0 |
| [83] | Denmark | Adults and children | (n = 34?) (15 × IIa; Others not stated) | 0 |
| [24] | England & Wales, UK | Adults and children | (n = 66) (56 × IIa; 1 × IIc; 9 × IId) | 2 |
| [84] | Estonia | Human contact with calves | (n = 1) (1 × IIa) | 0 |
| [85] | France | Adults | (n = 1) (1 × IIa) | 0 |
| [86] | Ireland | Adults and children | (n = 249) (249 × IIa) | 0 |
| [87] | Ireland | Adults and children | (n = 79) (78 × IIa; 1 × IId) | 0 |
| [44] | Italy | AIDS patients | (n = 8) (4 × IIa; 4 × IIc) | 50 |
| [88] | Portugal | HIV+ patients | (n = 25) (9 × IIa; 1 × IIb; 7 × IIc; 8 × IId) | 28 |
| [89] | Romania | Children | (n = 4) (4 × IId) | 0 |
| [90] | Scotland | Adults and children | (n = 87) (82 × IIa; 2 × IIc; 2 × IId; 1 × IIg) | 2 |
| [91] | Slovak Republic | Humans: not specified | (n = 1) (1 × IIa) | 0 |
| [92] | Slovenia | Humans: not specified | (n = 31) (29 × IIa; 1 × IIc; 1 × IIl) | 3 |
| [93] | Spain | Adults and children | (n = 12) (7 × IIa; 1 × IIc; 4 × IId) | 8 |
| [94] | Spain | Adults and Children | (n = 7) (6 × IIa; 1 × IId) | 0 |
| [95] | Spain | Children | (n = 3) (3 × IIa) | 0 |
| [96] | Spain | Adults and children | (n = 163) (146 × IIa; 3 × IId; 14 × IIn) | 0 |
| [23] | Sweden | Adults and children | (n = 108) (89 × IIa; 12 × IIc; 24 × IId; 1 × IIe; 2 × IIo) | 11 |
| [25] | The Netherlands | Humans: not specified | (n = 13) (9 × IIa; 1 × IIc; 3 × IId) | 8 |
| [97] | UK | Humans: not specified | (n = 16) (11 × IIa; 1 × IIc; 3 × IId; 1 × IIe) | 6 |
| North America | ||||
| [98] | Canada | Humans: not specified | (n = 7) (7 × IIa) | 0 |
| [99] | Canada | Adults and children | (n = 5) (5 × IIa) | 0 |
| [100] | Canada | Humans: not specified | (n = 4) (4 × IIa) | 0 |
| [19] | Jamaica | HIV+ patients | (n = 7) (7 × IIc) | 100 |
| [101] | Mexico | Children | (n = 2) (2 × IIa) | 0 |
| [102] | USA | Humans: not specified | (n = 5) (5 × IIa) | 0 |
| [103] | USA | Humans: not specified | (n = 30) (30 × IIa) | 0 |
| South America | ||||
| [104] | Brazil, Argentina | Adults and Children | (n = 3) (2 × IIa(mixed with hominis); 1 × IIc) | 33 |
| [12] | Peru | Children | (n = 15) (15 × IIc) | 100 |
| [20] | Peru | HIV+ patients | (n = 22) (22 × IIc) | 100 |
| Australia/Oceania | ||||
| [28] | Australia | Humans | (n = 14) (14 × IIa) | 0 |
| [27] | Australia | Adults and children | (n = 21) (21 × IIa) | 0 |
| [29] | Australia | Farm workers | (n = 7) (5 × IIa; 1 × IId; 1 × IIa/IId) | 0 |
| [30] | Australia | Adults and children | (n = 80) (70 × IIa 79; 1 × IId) | 0 |
| [31] | Australia | Adults and children | (n = 49) (48 × IIa; 1 × IId) | 0 |
| [26] | Australia | Humans: not specified | (n = 32) (30 × IIa; 1 × IIc; 1 × IId) | 3 |
| [105] | Australia | Humans: not specified | (n = 24) (23 × IIa; 1 × IIc) | 4 |
| [32] | Australia | Humans: not specified | (n = 4) (4 × IIa) | 0 |
| [106] | Australia | Humans: not specified | (n = 23) (18 × IIa; 5 × IIc) | 22 |
| [33] | New Zealand | Humans: not specified | (n = 41) (41 × IIa) | 0 |
| Multiple continents | ||||
| [47] | Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia | Children | (n = 37) (21 × IIc; 13 × IIe; 3 × IId) | 57 |
| [107] | Iran, Malawi, Nigeria, UK, Vietnam | Children | (n = 9) (4 × IIa; 2 × IIc; 3 × IId) | 22 |
| [108] | Australia + Europe | Adults and children | (n = 11) (9 × IIa; 1 × IIc; 1 × IId) | 9 |
| [109] | China, Guatemala, India, Kenya, Portugal, Slovenia | Humans: not specified | (n = 13) (4 × IIa; 5 × IIb; 4 × IIc) | 31 |