(A) Longitudinal changes in CDR-SOB, ADAS-cog13, MMSE, and FAQ from participants who were amyloid negative from the NA-ADNI cohort. The dotted lines represent women, and the solid lines represent men. (B) Scale scores from participants with LMCI in the NA-ADNI cohort stratified by educational level. The solid lines represent participants with 0–9 years of education, the broken lines represent those with 10–15 years of education, and the dotted lines represent those with ≥16 years of education. The P values represent the results from an ANOVA investigating the main effects of visit and sex, as well as their interaction. (C) Scale scores of women with LMCI in the NA-ADNI cohort. The solid lines represent those with CKD grade G1 and the dotted lines represent those with CKD grade ≥ G2. The P values represent the results from an ANOVA investigating the main effect of sex throughout the visits. (D) Fazekas PVH and DWMH scores at baseline in patients from the J-ADNI cohort, with participants' CKD grade plotted. Differences were assessed using an ANOVA and the Tukey-Kramer method for multiple comparisons. ∗P = .0112. Abbreviations: CDR-SOB, Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes; ADAS-cog13, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–cognitive subscale 13; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; FAQ, Functional Activities Questionnaire; LMCI, late mild cognitive impairment; PVH, periventricular hyperintensity; DWMH, deep white matter hyperintensity; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ANOVA, analysis of variance.