Table 2. Coefficient Estimates for Census Tract-Level and Block Group–Level Modelsa.
| Variable | Non–Spatial Panel Data Model With Time and Geographic Fixed Effects | SARMA Model Without Geographic Fixed Effects | SARMA Model With Time and Geographic Fixed Effects |
|---|---|---|---|
| Census tract-level models (n = 8232) | |||
| Spatial error term, λ | NA | −0.251 (−0.321 to −0.181) | −0.252 (−0.404 to −0.100) |
| Spatial autoregressive term, ρ | NA | 0.511 (0.469 to 0.553) | 0.271 (0.147 to 0.396) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Black | −0.060 (−0.086 to −0.034) | −0.011 (−0.015 to −0.007) | −0.058 (−0.081 to −0.034) |
| Hispanic | 0.096 (0.058 to 0.134) | 0.051 (0.043 to 0.06) | 0.088 (0.055 to 0.122) |
| Asian | −0.074 (−0.162 to 0.013) | −0.214 (−0.253 to −0.175) | −0.062 (−0.141 to 0.018) |
| Other | −0.458 (−0.522 to −0.395) | −0.36 (−0.409 to −0.311) | −0.447 (−0.506 to −0.388) |
| Female sex | 0.006 (−0.023 to 0.035) | −0.011 (−0.037 to 0.016) | 0.004 (−0.023 to 0.031) |
| Eligible for free school mealsb | 0.027 (0.012 to 0.043) | 0.089 (0.082 to 0.096) | 0.024 (0.011 to 0.038) |
| Eligible for reduced-price school mealsb | 0.006 (−0.014 to 0.026) | 0.096 (0.08 to 0.113) | 0.003 (−0.013 to 0.020) |
| Mean age, y | 0.003 (0.000 to 0.006) | 0.003 (0.000 to 0.006) | 0.003 (0.000 to 0.005) |
| Year effects | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Tract effects | Yes | No | Yes |
| Census block group–level models (n = 25 764) | |||
| Spatial error term, λ | NA | −0.456 (−0.5 to −0.412) | 0.124 (−0.052 to 0.3) |
| Spatial lag term, ρ | NA | 0.569 (0.543 to 0.595) | −0.075 (−0.264 to 0.114) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Black | −0.003 (−0.022 to 0.015) | −0.007 (−0.009 to −0.004) | −0.002 (−0.019 to 0.016) |
| Hispanic | 0.087 (0.062 to 0.111) | 0.032 (0.026 to 0.038) | 0.087 (0.063 to 0.11) |
| Asian | 0.137 (0.097 to 0.177) | −0.06 (−0.081 to −0.039) | 0.137 (0.098 to 0.176) |
| Other | −0.208 (−0.271 to −0.145) | −0.307 (−0.349 to −0.265) | −0.204 (−0.264 to −0.143) |
| Female sex | −0.062 (−0.079 to −0.044) | −0.052 (−0.067 to −0.038) | −0.062 (−0.078 to −0.046) |
| Eligible for free school mealsb | 0.024 (0.012 to 0.035) | 0.074 (0.07 to 0.079) | 0.024 (0.012 to 0.035) |
| Eligible for reduced-price school mealsb | 0.008 (−0.007 to 0.023) | 0.074 (0.063 to 0.085) | 0.009 (−0.007 to 0.024) |
| Mean age, y | 0.009 (0.007 to 0.011) | 0.006 (0.005 to 0.008) | 0.009 (0.008 to 0.011) |
| Year effects | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Block group effects | Yes | No | Yes |
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; SARMA, spatial autoregressive moving average.
a
Unless otherwise specified, data are estimated proportion of students within the census tract or census block group (95% CI). The dependent variable is proportion of children with obesity in the census tract or census block group.
b
Eligibility for free and reduced-price school meals represents the proportion of children from lower-income families in the census tract or census block group. Children from families with incomes less than 130% of the poverty level are eligible for free meals. Children from families with incomes between 130% and 185% of the poverty level are eligible for reduced-price meals.23