Table 4. Involvement in the Criminal Justice System in the Past Year by Level of Opioid Use in the United States, 2015-2016.
| Characteristic | Odds Ratio (95% CI)a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
| Past year opioid use | ||||
| No opioid use | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Prescription opioid use | 1.5 (1.4-1.7) | 1.6 (1.5-1.8) | 1.6 (1.4-1.7) | 1.4 (1.3-1.6) |
| Prescription opioid misuse | 3.8 (3.3-4.4) | 3.0 (2.6-3.5) | 2.7 (2.3-3.2) | 1.6 (1.3-1.9) |
| Prescription opioid use disorder | 8.1 (6.1-10.7) | 6.0 (4.5-8.0) | 4.8 (3.6-6.4) | 2.2 (1.5-3.2) |
| Heroin use | 24.6 (18.7-32.4) | 13.2 (9.7-18.0) | 11.3 (8.2-15.5) | 4.2 (2.7-6.7) |
| P value for trend | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Controlsb | None | Demographic factors | Demographic and health factors | Demographic and health factors and substance use |
a
P < .001 for all odds ratios.
b
Demographic factors of the 78 976 respondents include race/ethnicity, age, sex, educational level, marital status, income, employment, rural vs urban residence, and presence of children in the household. Health factors include severity of mental illness (none, mild, moderate, or severe), self-reported health, and health insurance status. Substance use includes nicotine dependence, alcohol use disorder, sedative or tranquilizer use and misuse, stimulant use and misuse, cocaine use, marijuana use, hallucinogen or inhalant use, and methamphetamine use.