. 2019 Jan 4;2(1):e186606. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.6606

Table 2. Hazard Ratio of ADHD in the Offspring of Women Who Used Valproate During Pregnancy.

ADHD Diagnosis by Valproate Exposure	Live Births, No.	Person-Years at Risk	ADHD Diagnoses, No.	Incidence/1000 Person-Years (95% CI)	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)
ADHD Diagnosis by Valproate Exposure	Live Births, No.	Person-Years at Risk	ADHD Diagnoses, No.	Incidence/1000 Person-Years (95% CI)	Crude	Adjusted^a
ADHD diagnosis based on medication and ICD-10 diagnosis
Exposed to valproate	580	7066	49	6.9 (5.2-9.2)	2.28 (1.72-3.02)	1.48 (1.09-2.00)
Not exposed to valproate	912 722	10 212 263	29 396	2.9 (2.8-2.9)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
ADHD diagnosis based on medication alone
Exposed to valproate	580	7166	30	4.2 (2.9-6.0)	2.08 (1.45-2.98)	1.29 (0.88-1.91)
Not exposed to valproate	912 722	10 260 068	19 072	1.9 (1.8-1.9)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
ADHD diagnosis based on ICD-10 diagnosis alone
Exposed to valproate	580	7096	44	6.2 (4.6-8.3)	2.37 (1.76-3.18)	1.52 (1.10-2.10)
Not exposed to valproate	912 722	10 235 021	25 386	2.5 (2.4-2.5)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]

Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ICD-10, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision.

^{^a}

Adjusted for maternal age at conception, maternal psychiatric history, maternal epilepsy, maternal diabetes, sex of the child, year of birth, and parity.