Table 1. Baseline Characteristics After Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting.
| Characteristic | Non-PPM (n = 1071) | PPM (n = 186) | Standardized Difference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age at index, y | |||
| Mean (SD) | 82.4 (7.2) | 82.4 (7.7) | 0.008 |
| Median (IQR) | 84 (79-87) | 85 (78-88) | NA |
| Female, No. (%) | 504 (47.1) | 87 (46.7) | 0.007 |
| Rural, No. (%) | 115 (10.7) | 19 (10.2) | 0.017 |
| Nearest census-based neighborhood income quintile (within CMA or CA), No. (%) | |||
| 1 (Lowest income) | 166 (15.5) | 28 (15.2) | <0.001 |
| 2 | 235 (21.9) | 44 (23.5) | 0.037 |
| 3 | 232 (21.7) | 45 (24.2) | 0.060 |
| 4 | 214 (20.0) | 32 (17.4) | 0.067 |
| 5 (Highest income) | 223 (20.8) | 37 (19.7) | 0.028 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| Frailtya | 208 (19.4) | 33 (17.9) | 0.039 |
| Charlson comorbidity index score | |||
| Mean (SD) | 1.9 (1.9) | 1.9 (1.7) | 0.004 |
| Median (IQR) | 2 (0-3) | 2 (0-3) | NA |
| NYHA functional class at referral, No. (%) | |||
| I | 92 (8.6) | 15 (8.2) | 0.013 |
| II | 162 (15.2) | 29 (15.7) | 0.014 |
| III | 632 (59) | 113 (60.9) | 0.039 |
| IV | 128 (12) | 19 (10.4) | 0.051 |
| STS score on the day of TAVR procedure | |||
| Mean (SD) | 8.4 (7.3) | 8.9 (9.0) | 0.063 |
| Median (IQR) | 6 (4-10) | 6 (5-9) | NA |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction at referral, No. (%) | |||
| >50% | 462 (43.1) | 83 (44.6) | 0.029 |
| ≤50% | 183 (17.1) | 32 (17.2) | 0.003 |
| Missing | 426 (39.8) | 71 (38.2) | 0.032 |
| Aortic valve mean gradient, mm Hg | |||
| Mean (SD) | 46.1 (15.6) | 46 (14.8) | 0.003 |
| Median (IQR) | 45 (36-55) | 45 (36-54) | NA |
| Cardiac conditions, No. (%) | |||
| Myocardial infarction | 137 (12.8) | 21 (11.5) | 0.041 |
| Recent (<90 d) myocardial infarction hospitalization | 54 (5.1) | 10 (5.4) | 0.013 |
| Congestive heart failure | 796 (74.3) | 133 (71.5) | 0.063 |
| Recent (<90 d) heart failure hospitalization | 251 (23.5) | 42 (22.3) | 0.027 |
| Congestive heart failure ≥90 d | 544 (50.8) | 91 (49.2) | 0.033 |
| Coronary artery disease or ischemic heart disease | 771 (72.0) | 139 (74.5) | 0.058 |
| Prior percutaneous coronary intervention | 398 (37.1) | 70 (37.6) | 0.001 |
| Prior coronary artery bypass graft | 282 (26.4) | 48 (25.6) | 0.018 |
| Prior valve surgery or replacement | 157 (14.7) | 25 (13.2) | 0.043 |
| Cardiac arrhythmia or atrial arrhythmia | 281 (26.2) | 45 (24.3) | 0.045 |
| Noncardiac comorbidities, No. (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 1006 (93.9) | 172 (92.4) | 0.061 |
| Dyslipidemia | 750 (70.0) | 131 (70.5) | 0.011 |
| Diabetes | 508 (47.4) | 85 (45.4) | 0.040 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 381 (35.6) | 63 (33.9) | 0.034 |
| Renal disease | 116 (10.8) | 22 (11.6) | 0.024 |
| Dementia | 76 (7.1) | 10 (5.4) | 0.076 |
| Cancer | 72 (6.8) | 12 (6.7) | 0.003 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 60 (5.6) | 10 (5.3) | 0.013 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 51 (4.8) | 9 (4.7) | 0.003 |
| Procedural, No. (%) | |||
| Elective procedure | 863 (80.5) | 151 (81.2) | 0.018 |
| Urgent or emergent procedure | 208 (19.5) | 35 (18.8) | 0.018 |
| Valve-in-valve procedure | 100 (9.4) | 17 (9.1) | 0.014 |
| Transfemoral access route | 847 (79.1) | 153 (82.1) | 0.076 |
| Hemodynamic support | 212 (19.8) | 40 (21.6) | 0.044 |
| Postdeployment valvuloplasty | 116 (10.9) | 20 (10.7) | 0.007 |
Abbreviations: CA, census agglomeration; CMA, census metropolitan area; NA, not applicable; IQR, interquartile range; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PPM, permanent pacemaker; STS, Society of Thoracic Surgeons; TAVR, transcatheter aortic valve replacement.
a
Frailty is based on the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Group Case mix adjustment system.