Table 2. Analyses of Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures.
| Time | Outcome Measures | Adjusted Differences, Mean (95% CI)a | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MC | GE | MTE | P Valueb | GE vs MC | MTE vs MC | MTE vs GE | ||||
| No. | Mean (SD) | No. | Mean (SD) | No. | Mean (SD) | |||||
| Primary Outcome | ||||||||||
| Swiss Spinal Stenosis questionnairec,d | ||||||||||
| Baseline | 88 | 31.3 (5.8) | 84 | 31.6 (6.0) | 87 | 31.6 (6.1) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2 mo | 79 | 29.1 (6.9) | 66 | 29.8 (5.7) | 80 | 27.2 (5.9) | .01 | 0.4 (−1.3 to 2.1) | −2.0 (−3.6 to −0.4)e | −2.4 (−4.1 to −0.8)e |
| 6 mo | 67 | 29.3 (6.8) | 59 | 29.4 (6.7) | 65 | 28.4 (6.7) | .46 | −0.5 (−2.3 to 1.3) | −1.1 (−2.8 to 0.6) | −0.6 (−2.4 to 1.2) |
| Self-paced walking testd,f | ||||||||||
| Baseline | 88 | 482.2 (529.1) | 84 | 433.4 (421.2) | 87 | 433.4 (421.2) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2 mo | 76 | 616.6 (620.8) | 65 | 651.5 (639.7) | 75 | 698.6 (662.7) | .26 | 79.9 (−74.5 to 234.3) | 122.9 (−25.7 to 271.6) | 43.0 (−111.8 to 197.9) |
| 6 mo | 66 | 683.3 (723.3) | 59 | 688.3 (680.3) | 65 | 723.5 (781.5) | .52 | 86.5 (−75.7 to 248.8) | 73.8 (−84.1 to 231.7) | −12.7 (−175.6 to 150.1) |
| Secondary Outcome | ||||||||||
| Physical activityd,g | ||||||||||
| Baseline | 86 | 167.4 (130.1) | 76 | 157.0 (125.5) | 84 | 172.0 (133.4) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2 mo | 76 | 148.0 (116.8) | 65 | 170.1 (142.5) | 76 | 176.1 (135.1) | .08 | 28.7 (2.7 to 54.7)e | 20.4 (−4.5 to 45.3) | − 8.3 (−34.2 to 17.6) |
| 6 mo | 61 | 159.1 (128.3) | 54 | 155.3 (113.1) | 60 | 161.9 (129.7) | .19 | 21.3 (−6.9 to 49.4) | −2.9 (−30.1 to 24.3) | −24.2 (−52.5 to 4.0) |
Abbreviations: GE, group exercise; MC, medical care; MTE, manual therapy/individualized exercise; NA, not applicable.
The between-groups linear mixed models were adjusted for baseline Swiss Spinal Stenosis score, self-paced walking test, and age.
P value for omnibus F test from linear mixed models for 3-way group comparison at a specified time.
Total score range, 12 to 55; higher scores indicate worse symptoms and function. The questionnaire included self-reported symptoms and physical function (group × time interaction P = .03).
P value for omnibus F test from linear mixed models for any group × time interaction (at either 2 months or 6 months).
P < .05.
No defined range; total distance walked in 0 to 30 minutes. Less walking capacity indicates worse physical function. The test included performance-based measure (group × time interaction P = .52).
No defined range; greater than 1.5 metabolic equivalent of task units is considered nonsedentary activity. Physical activity-mean daily minutes, >1.5 metabolic equivalent of task units) (group × time interaction P = .11).