Table 1. Emergency Department Visits for US Pediatric Patients, 2006-2015a.
| Variable | Total Visits | Visits With Opioid Prescription | P Valueb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unweighted, No. | Weighted, No. | Unweighted, No. | Weighted, No. | Weighted, % (95% CI) | ||
| All visits | 69 152 | 293 528 632 | 4910 | 21 276 831 | 7.25 (6.43-8.06) | |
| Age, y | ||||||
| 0-2 | 22 515 | 95 677 472 | 403 | 1 626 298 | 1.70 (1.42-1.98) | [Reference] |
| 3-12 | 30 213 | 129 048 017 | 1919 | 8 501 284 | 6.59 (5.75-7.43) | <.001 |
| 13-17 | 16 424 | 68 803 143 | 2588 | 11 149 249 | 16.20 (14.29-18.12) | <.001 |
| Race | ||||||
| Nonwhite | 22 436 | 90 203 294 | 1138 | 4 793 140 | 5.31 (4.31-6.32) | <.001 |
| White | 46 716 | 203 325 338 | 3772 | 16 483 691 | 8.11 (7.23-8.99) | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 32 727 | 13 943 0654 | 2320 | 10 091 754 | 7.24 (6.32-8.16) | .95 |
| Male | 36 425 | 154 097 978 | 2590 | 11 185 077 | 7.26 (6.42-8.10) | |
| Payment method | ||||||
| Medicaid | 35 602 | 149 785 565 | 1961 | 8 189 855 | 5.47 (4.79-6.15) | [Reference] |
| Private insurance | 22 265 | 92 174 669 | 2104 | 8 972 087 | 9.73 (8.56-10.90) | <.001 |
| Self-pay | 4769 | 20 897 238 | 392 | 1 810 064 | 8.66 (7.03-10.29) | <.001 |
| Other payment method | 6516 | 30 671 160 | 453 | 2 304 825 | 7.51 (5.77-9.26) | <.001 |
| Region | ||||||
| Midwest | 16 092 | 64 297 373 | 1104 | 4 411 876 | 6.86 (5.42-8.30) | [Reference] |
| Northeast | 14 943 | 48 114 360 | 620 | 2 258 130 | 4.69 (3.69-5.70) | <.001 |
| South | 25 357 | 122 818 883 | 2078 | 9 453 757 | 7.70 (6.23-9.16) | .12 |
| West | 12 760 | 58 298 016 | 1108 | 5 153 068 | 8.84 (6.82-10.86) | .004 |
| Metropolitan setting | ||||||
| Metropolitan area | 54 750 | 223 751 850 | 3888 | 16 127 742 | 7.21 (6.13-8.28) | .93 |
| Nonmetropolitan area | 8224 | 42 120 692 | 614 | 3 156 909 | 7.49 (4.22-10.77) | |
| Length of visit | ||||||
| Not prolonged (≤240 min) | 55 783 | 239 294 579 | 3728 | 18 814 630 | 6.79 (5.99-7.58) | [Reference] |
| Prolonged (>240 min) | 10 229 | 38 880 272 | 1043 | 1 644 250 | 10.86 (9.48-12.23) | <.001 |
| Unknown or missing data | 3140 | 15 353 781 | 139 | 817 951 | 5.33 (3.07-7.58) | .01 |
| Episode of care | ||||||
| Follow-up visit to this emergency department | 2540 | 9 869 291 | 211 | 807 085 | 8.18 (6.48-9.88) | [Reference] |
| Initial visit to this emergency department | 52 155 | 233 274 583 | 3715 | 16 734 073 | 7.17 (6.36-7.99) | .17 |
| Unknown or missing data | 14 457 | 50 384 758 | 984 | 3 735 673 | 7.41 (6.04-8.79) | .37 |
a
All analyses account for the complex sampling design of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.
b
P values calculated with Wald test.