Table 1. Prevalence of Cumulative Childhood Trauma and Unadjusted Association With Childhood Psychiatric Problems and Adversities and Hardshipsa.
| Psychiatric Problem, Adversity, or Hardship | Participants, No. (%) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 Exposures (n = 413) | 1 Exposure (n = 451) | 2 Exposures (n = 289) | ≥3 Exposures (n = 267) | ||
| Psychiatric problems | |||||
| Any | 100 (14.5) | 156 (26.6) | 120 (33.9) | 154 (46.1) | 1.5 (1.3-1.8)b |
| Any anxiety disorder | 27 (4.2) | 56 (10.8) | 47 (15.1) | 64 (16.9) | 1.4 (1.2-1.7)b |
| Any depressive disorder | 19 (3.3) | 36 (7.6) | 30 (6.6) | 55 (19.7) | 1.7 (1.3-2.1)b |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | 15 (2.3) | 23 (3.7) | 19 (3.8) | 21 (4.1) | 1.2 (0.9-1.5) |
| Oppositional defiant disorder | 36 (5.7) | 66 (8.8) | 49 (9.7) | 87 (21.4) | 1.5 (1.2-1.8)b |
| Conduct disorder | 36 (3.9) | 48 (5.6) | 46 (11.0) | 73 (21.3) | 1.8 (1.4-2.2)b |
| Substance use disorder | 21 (4.9) | 27 (5.4) | 19 (6.8) | 41 (11.8) | 1.3 (1.0-1.7)b |
| Adversities and hardships | |||||
| Low family socioeconomic status | 147 (28.1) | 209 (31.4) | 134 (36.5) | 159 (49.4) | 1.3 (1.1-1.5)b |
| Family instability | 85 (16.1) | 155 (25.7) | 104 (29.2) | 126 (47.8) | 1.5 (1.3-1.8)b |
| Family dysfunction | 95 (20.5) | 124 (19.3) | 124 (39.1) | 133 (41.7) | 1.5 (1.2-1.7)b |
| Bullied by peers | 89 (14.7) | 122 (25.5) | 98 (35.5) | 112 (36.8) | 1.4 (1.2-1.6)b |
a
All percentages are weighted and sample sizes are unweighted. Cumulative trauma exposure is treated as a continuous variable. All models adjusted for sex and race/ethnicity.
b
P < .05.