Table 3. Association of Health Insurance Literacy With Cost-Related Delayed or Foregone Care for Selected Preventive and Nonpreventive Services^a.

Type of Delayed/Foregone Care	Health Insurance Literacy Measure
	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	P Value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)b	P Value
Preventive care	0.67 (0.54-0.83)	<.001	0.61 (0.48-0.78)	<.001
Nonpreventive care	0.79 (0.64-0.99)	.04	0.71 (0.55-0.91)	.007

Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio.

^aThese findings represent an aggregate for delaying or foregoing any selected preventive (physical examination, cholesterol level check, influenza vaccination, colonoscopy, mammogram, Papanicolaou test) or nonpreventive (urgent visit, radiograph, magnetic resonance imaging) care. Because of the low numbers of participants who received each individual service, statistical analyses were not considered appropriate for individual items. Odds ratios represent the association between a 12-point increase in the Health Insurance Literacy Measure score and the outcomes of delayed or foregone preventive or nonpreventive care.

^bAdjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, educational level, having a high-deductible health plan, health literacy, numeracy, and presence of chronic conditions.