Table 1. Characteristics Associated With Chronic Opioid Use Among Medicare Part D Enrollees in 2015a.
| Enrollee Characteristics | Enrollees, No. (%) (N = 3 764 361) | Enrollees With ≥90-d Prescription for Opioids, No. (%) (n = 522 180)a | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Original reason for entitlement (age <65 y) | ||||
| Disabled | 657 010 (17.4) | 175 897 (26.8) | 3.10 (3.08-3.13) | |
| ESRD | 22 304 (0.6) | 5266 (23.6) | 1.84 (1.78-1.90) | |
| Original reason for entitlement (age ≥65 y) | ||||
| Reached age 65 y | 2 735 152 (72.7) | 249 873 (9.1) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Disabled | 342 902 (9.1) | 89 911 (26.2) | 2.72 (2.70-2.75) | |
| ESRD | 6994 (0.2) | 1233 (17.6) | 1.37 (1.29-1.46) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1 481 353 (39.3) | 176 060 (11.9) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Female | 2 283 007 (60.6) | 346 120 (15.2) | 1.46 (1.45-1.47) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 3 053 688 (81.1) | 421 615 (13.8) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 351 985 (9.3) | 61 480 (17.5) | 0.83 (0.82-0.84) | |
| Hispanic | 198 778 (5.3) | 25 877 (13.0) | 0.75 (0.74-0.76) | |
| Other | 159 910 (4.2) | 13 208 (8.3) | 0.61 (0.60-0.63) | |
| Dual eligibility | ||||
| Yes | 1 028 725 (27.3) | 231 713 (22.5) | 1.38 (1.37-1.39) | |
| No | 2 735 635 (72.7) | 290 467 (10.6) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Comorbidities, No. | ||||
| 0 | 1 324 141 (35.2) | 98 788 (7.5) | 1 [Reference] | |
| 1 | 1 004 673 (26.7) | 127 941 (12.7) | 1.73 (1.72-1.75) | |
| 2 | 607 431 (16.1) | 101 001 (16.6) | 2.31 (2.29-2.34) | |
| ≥3 | 828 115 (22.0) | 194 450 (23.5) | 3.64 (3.61-3.67) | |
| Intraclass correlation coefficient | Null model | Adjusted model | ||
| County level, % | 10.90 | 9.35 | ||
Abbreviations: ESRD, end-stage renal disease; OR, odds ratio.
a
Results are from a multilevel analysis, including Medicare enrollees and counties, adjusted for the individual characteristics of the Medicare enrollees listed in the Table, but not including any county characteristics (ie, a null model). Model includes 3118 US counties.