Table 2. Pearson Product Moment Correlation of Risk-Standardized Mortality Rates and Risk-Standardized Payments for Acute Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, and Pneumonia Overall and Across Hospital Characteristicsa.
| Variable | Acute Myocardial Infarction | Heart Failure | Pneumonia | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of Hospitals | Correlation (95% CI) | No. of Hospitals | Correlation (95% CI) | No. of Hospitals | Correlation (95% CI) | |
| All hospitals | 4339 | −0.08 (−0.11 to −0.05) | 4641 | −0.21 (−0.24 to −0.18) | 4685 | −0.07 (−0.09 to −0.04) |
| Teaching status | ||||||
| Teaching | 846 | −0.09 (−0.15 to −0.02) | 861 | −0.16 (−0.23 to −0.10) | 862 | −0.01 (−0.08 to 0.05) |
| Nonteaching | 3383 | −0.07 (−0.10 to −0.03) | 3644 | −0.20 (−0.23 to −0.17) | 3681 | −0.05 (−0.08 to −0.01) |
| Type of ownership | ||||||
| Private for-profit | 696 | −0.06 (−0.14 to 0.01) | 743 | −0.16 (−0.23 to −0.09) | 753 | −0.05 (−0.12 to 0.02) |
| Private not-for-profit | 2626 | −0.08 (−0.12 to −0.04) | 2733 | −0.22 (−0.25 to −0.18) | 2739 | −0.07 (−0.11 to −0.03) |
| Public | 907 | −0.10 (−0.16 to −0.03) | 1029 | −0.14 (−0.20 to −0.08) | 1051 | −0.05 (−0.11 to 0.01) |
| Safety-net status | ||||||
| Safety-net hospital | 1216 | −0.07 (−0.13 to −0.02) | 1361 | −0.20 (−0.25 to −0.15) | 1385 | −0.10 (−0.15 to −0.04) |
| Non–safety-net hospital | 3013 | −0.08 (−0.11 to −0.04) | 3144 | −0.21 (−0.24 to −0.17) | 3158 | −0.04 (−0.08 to −007) |
| Urban/rural status | ||||||
| Urban | 3222 | −0.08 (−0.11 to −0.04) | 3340 | −0.20 (−0.24 to −0.17) | 3363 | −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.02) |
| Rural | 1007 | −0.06 (−0.00 to −0.12) | 1165 | −0.05 (−0.11 to −0.01) | 1180 | 0.01 (−0.05 to 0.07) |
| No. of beds | ||||||
| 1-199 | 2900 | −0.13 (−0.16 to −0.09) | 3170 | −0.17 (−0.20 to −0.13) | 3204 | −0.06 (−0.10 to −0.03) |
| 200-299 | 539 | −0.04 (−0.13 to 0.04) | 542 | −0.17 (−0.25 to −0.08) | 543 | 0.01 (−0.08 to 0.09) |
| 300-399 | 311 | 0.00 (−0.11 to 0.11) | 312 | −0.13 (−0.23 to −0.01) | 313 | 0.21 (0.10 to 0.31) |
| 400-499 | 175 | −0.15 (−0.29 to 0.00) | 176 | −0.24 (−0.37 to −0.09) | 177 | −0.02 (−0.16 to 0.13) |
| ≥500 | 270 | −0.04 (−0.16 to 0.08) | 271 | −0.08 (−0.2 to 0.04) | 272 | 0.02 (−0.10 to 0.14) |
| Proportion of patients who are Medicaid beneficiaries, % | ||||||
| 0-10 | 1006 | −0.13 (−0.19 to −0.07) | 1160 | −0.20 (−0.25 to −0.14) | 1188 | −0.03 (−0.08 to 0.03) |
| 11-20 | 1931 | −0.07 (−0.12 to −0.03) | 2025 | −0.20 (−0.24 to −0.16) | 2028 | −0.05 (−0.10 to −0.01) |
| 21-30 | 891 | −0.02 (−0.09 to 0.04) | 911 | −0.21 (−0.27 to −0.15) | 913 | −0.07 (−0.13 to 0.00) |
| >30 | 367 | −0.13 (−0.23 to −0.03) | 375 | −0.24 (−0.33 to −0.14) | 380 | −0.14 (−0.24 to −0.04) |
| Proportion of patients who are black | ||||||
| Quartile 1, lowest proportion | 574 | −0.06 (−0.14 to 0.02) | 721 | −0.17 (−0.24 to −0.10) | 725 | −0.08 (−0.15 to −0.01) |
| Quartile 2 | 576 | −0.11 (−0.19 to −0.02) | 717 | −0.24 (−0.31 to −0.17) | 723 | −0.10 (−0.17 to −0.02) |
| Quartile 3 | 566 | −0.06 (−0.14 to 0.02) | 720 | −0.22 (−0.29 to −0.15) | 724 | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.09) |
| Quartile 4, highest proportion | 572 | −0.05 (−0.13 to 0.03) | 717 | −0.16 (−0.23 to −0.09) | 724 | −0.04 (−0.11 to 0.04) |
| Hospitals with 0 black patients | 1941 | −0.12 (−0.17 to −0.08) | 1630 | −0.24 (−0.28 to −0.19) | 1647 | −0.08 (−0.13 to −0.03) |
| Proportion of patients with low SES | ||||||
| Quartile 1, lowest proportion | 738 | −0.15 (−0.22 to −0.07) | 892 | −0.22 (−0.28 to −0.15) | 952 | −0.05 (−0.12 to 0.01) |
| Quartile 2 | 735 | −0.09 (−0.16 to −0.01) | 891 | −0.19 (−0.26 to −0.13) | 951 | 0.00 (−0.07 to 0.06) |
| Quartile 3 | 735 | 0.04 (−0.04 to 0.11) | 892 | −0.16 (−0.22 to −0.09) | 952 | −0.04 (−0.10 to 0.02) |
| Quartile 4, highest proportion | 735 | −0.09 (−0.16 to −0.02) | 891 | −0.30 (−0.36 to −0.24) | 951 | −0.12 (−0.18 to −0.06) |
| Hospitals with 0 patients with low SES | 1286 | −0.28 (−0.33 to −0.23) | 939 | −0.31 (−0.37 to −0.26) | 737 | −0.23 (−0.29 to −0.16) |
| Proportion of patients who are dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid | ||||||
| Quartile 1, lowest proportion | 916 | −0.09 (−0.15 to −0.03) | 1073 | −0.21 (−0.26 to −0.15) | 1105 | −0.01 (−0.07 to 0.05) |
| Quartile 2 | 916 | −0.08 (−0.14 to −0.02) | 1079 | −0.17 (−0.22 to −0.11) | 1098 | −0.02 (−0.08 to 0.04) |
| Quartile 3 | 997 | 0.02 (−0.04 to 0.08) | 1066 | −0.16 (−0.22 to −0.10) | 1123 | −0.02 (−0.08 to 0.04) |
| Quartile 4, highest proportion | 832 | −0.2 (−0.26 to −0.13) | 1072 | −0.37 (−0.42 to −0.31) | 1077 | −0.18 (−0.23 to −0.12) |
| Hospitals with 0 dually eligible patients | 568 | −0.37 (−0.44 to −0.3) | 215 | −0.64 (−0.71 to −0.55) | 140 | −0.53 (−0.64 to −0.40) |
Abbreviation: SES, socioeconomic status.
a
For acute myocardial infarction, 4229 of 4339 hospitals (97.5%) were matched to American Hospital Association data. For heart failure, 4505 of 4641 hospitals (97.1%) were matched to American Hospital Association data. For pneumonia, 4543 of 4685 hospitals (97.0%) were matched to American Hospital Association data.