Table 2. Coverage and Utilization Management for Nonpharmacologic Pain Therapies in 15 Medicaid Plans .
| Pain Therapy | No. of Plans | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coverage | Utilization Management | ||||||
| Covered | Unclear or Not Found | Not Covered | Prior Authorization | Condition Requirements | Visit Limits | Referral Requirements | |
| Rehabilitative therapies | |||||||
| Physical therapy | 14 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 14 | 10 |
| Occupational therapy | 14 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 14 | 10 |
| Chiropractic care | 12 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 11 | 1 |
| Acupuncture | 2 | 5 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Therapeutic massage | 1 | 10 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Psychological interventions | 3 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation | 10 | 5 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Injections | |||||||
| Steroid | 9 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
| Facet | 7 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Back surgery | |||||||
| Laminectomy | 3 | 12 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Diskectomy | 2 | 13 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |