Table 2. Clinical Characteristics of Patients With CE and ESUS.
| Characteristic | CE (n = 2261) | ESUS (n = 2163) | P Value | ESUS | P Value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCS (n = 209) | CPAF (n = 43) | CA (n = 79) | AE (n = 522) | PE (n = 190) | UE (n = 1120) | |||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 78.4 (10.7) | 72.4 (12.6) | <.001 | 76.9 (12.4) | 75.2 (11.2) | 76.6 (10.7) | 74.4 (9.7)a | 64.8 (13.6)a | 71.5 (13.2)a | <.001 |
| Men, No. (%) | 1171 (51.8) | 1235 (57.1) | <.001 | 101 (48.3) | 19 (44.2) | 40 (50.6) | 358 (68.6)a | 112 (58.9) | 605 (54.0) | <.001 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors, No. (%) | ||||||||||
| Hypertension | 1735 (76.7) | 1647 (76.1) | .64 | 167 (79.9) | 31 (72.1) | 52 (65.8)a | 445 (85.2)a | 108 (56.8)a | 844 (75.4) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 501 (22.2) | 636 (29.4) | <.001 | 60 (28.7) | 11 (25.6) | 15 (19.0) | 181 (34.7)a | 49 (25.8) | 320 (28.6)a | .02 |
| Dyslipidemia | 815 (36.0) | 1112 (51.4) | <.001 | 110 (52.6)a | 18 (41.9) | 23 (29.1) | 309 (59.2)a | 89 (46.8)a | 563 (50.3)a | <.001 |
| Smoking | 985 (43.6) | 1128 (52.1) | <.001 | 82 (39.2) | 19 (44.2) | 32 (40.5) | 345 (66.1)a | 84 (44.2) | 566 (50.5)a | <.001 |
| Drinking | 700 (31.0) | 673 (31.1) | .91 | 51 (24.4) | 12 (27.9) | 18 (22.8) | 185 (35.4) | 67 (35.3) | 340 (30.4) | .02 |
| Comorbidity, No. (%) | ||||||||||
| Chronic kidney disease | 1278 (56.5) | 957 (44.2) | <.001 | 109 (52.2) | 25 (58.1) | 40 (50.6) | 245 (46.9)a | 52 (27.4)a | 486 (43.4)a | <.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 399 (17.6) | 343 (15.9) | .11 | 79 (37.8)a | 7 (16.3) | 6 (7.6)a | 101 (19.3) | 13 (6.8)a | 137 (12.2)a | <.001 |
| Prestroke dependency, No. (%) | 679 (30.0) | 491 (22.7) | <.001 | 74 (35.4) | 10 (23.3) | 25 (31.6) | 104 (19.9)a | 17 (8.9)a | 261 (23.3)a | <.001 |
| NIHSS score on admission | ||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 10.4 (8.7) | 5.3 (6.8) | <.001 | 10.0 (9.3) | 10.0 (9.3) | 8.1 (7.2) | 3.3 (3.9)a | 3.4 (5.3)a | 5.4 (6.8)a | <.001 |
| Median (IQR) | 8 (3-17) | 3 (1-6) | NA | 7 (2-18) | 6 (2-18) | 5 (2-13) | 2 (1-4)a | 2 (1-4)a | 3 (1-7)a | NA |
| Reperfusion therapy, No. (%) | 476 (21.1) | 202 (9.3) | <.001 | 48 (23.0) | 5 (11.6) | 4 (5.1)a | 28 (5.4)a | 21 (11.1)a | 96 (8.6)a | <.001 |
| Intravenous thrombolysis | 442 (19.5) | 190 (8.8) | <.001 | 47 (22.5) | 5 (11.6) | 4 (5.1)a | 27 (5.2)a | 17 (8.9)a | 90 (8.0)a | <.001 |
| Endovascular therapy | 99 (4.4) | 31 (1.4) | <.001 | 5 (2.4) | 1 (2.3) | 0 | 1 (0.2)a | 6 (3.2) | 18 (1.6)a | .008 |
| Antithrombotic therapy, No./total No. (%)b | ||||||||||
| Antiplatelets | 319/2134 (14.9) | 1475/2123 (69.5) | <.001 | 102/205 (49.8)a | 6/43 (14.0) | 9/65 (13.8) | 476/521 (91.4)a | 96/189 (50.8)a | 786/1100 (71.5)a | <.001 |
| Anticoagulants | 1944/2134 (91.1) | 669/2123 (31.5) | <.001 | 145/205 (70.7)a | 37/43 (86.0) | 28/65 (43.1)a | 57/521 (10.9)a | 95/189 (50.3)a | 307/1100 (27.9)a | <.001 |
Abbreviations: AE, arteriogenic emboli; CA, cancer associated; CE, cardioembolic stroke; CPAF, covert paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; ESUS, embolic stroke of undetermined source; IQR, interquartile range; MCS, minor-risk potential cardioembolic sources; NA, not applicable; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; PE, paradoxical embolism; UE, undetermined embolism.
a
P < .05 vs CE by multiple comparisons.
b
Number and percentage of patients receiving antithrombotic therapy at discharge after excluding patients who died during hospitalization.