Table 1. Extracorporeal circuit types describing specific indications, circuit functions, and components.
| Circuit | Indication | Function | Components |
|---|---|---|---|
| HD | renal failure acidosis electrolyte abnormality toxins fluid overload uremia |
removal of toxins modification of circulating volume |
cannulas/needles dialyser pressure monitors anticoagulant pump ultra-filtration unit filters heaters/heat exchangers de-aerator pH monitors |
| CPB | cardiac/pulmonary surgery complex vascular surgery airway surgery brain surgery deep hypothermic circulatory arrest rewarming |
selective exclusion of cardiac and vascular structures from circulation oxygenation and CO2 removal |
cannulas oxygenator heater CO2 exchanger suction/vents pump (roller/centrifugal) blood storage chambers hemo-concentrator cardioplegia system bubble detector/trap anesthetic delivery unit/gas blender blood reservoirs |
| apheresis | immune therapy blood donation neurologic diseases hematologic diseases metabolic diseases dermatologic diseases rheumatologic diseases renal diseases intoxications neoplastic diseases (photopheresis) |
isolation and sequestration of blood components photopheresis therapy |
cannulas blood pump plasma pump plasma separator lipo-sorber membrane filters centrifugal components blood warmer anticoagulants regeneration solutions/pumps valves pressure sensors |
| VAD | heart failure bridge to transplant destination therapy |
partial or total cardiac support | cannulas pump (impellar) Filters valves |
| ECCO2R | pulmonary hypertension hypercapnia high airway pressures respiratory failure/fatigue weaning from mechanical ventilation bridge to transplant |
oxygenation and CO2 removal independent of the lungs and pulmonary circulation | cannulas oxygenator CO2 exchanger (anticoagulant-coated diffusion membrane) |
| ECMO | Refractory cardiopulmonary dysfunction bridge to transplant arrhytrmia sepsis drug overdose PE anaphylaxis failure to wean CPB |
partial or total cardiac support and oxygenation and CO2 removal | cannulas oxygenator/membrane heat exchanger membrane filtration pump CO2 exchanger reservoir anticoagulant pressure monitors |
CO2: carbon dioxide; CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HD: hemodialysis; PE: pulmonary embolism; VAD: ventricular assist device.