Table 4. Biomarkers predicting adverse events during extracorporeal circuits.

Adverse event	Biomarker
hemolysis	↓ haptoglobin [121] ↑ free-hemoglobin [3, 122] ↑ fibrin stranding ↓ hemoglobin
inflammation	↑ platelet – leukocyte aggregates, NETS [56, 108]
ischemia reperfusion	↑ lipid peroxidation [123] ↑ protein carbonylation [123]
endothelial dysfunction	↑ circulating endothelial cells [59, 71, 124] ↑ circulating endothelial cell progenitors [58, 71, 124] ↑ circulating soluble E-selectin [25]
platelet activation	↑ sCD40L [25] ↑ circulating soluble P-selectin [25, 56] ↓ platelet count ↓ platelet function testing
coagulation	↑ TF [25] ↓ large vWF multimers [3, 25] ↓AT3,
infection	↑ procalcitonin [125] ↑ CRP
mortality	↑ ALT/billirubin [126] ↓ urine output [127]

ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AT3: anti-thrombin III; CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; CRP: C reactive protein; TF: tissue factor; vWF: von Willebrand factor.