Table 7. Renal support with extracorporeal circuits (ExCors) includes HD.
| Circuit type Observations |
N | Dialysis EV phenotype |
EV isolation | Detection technique | Patient population | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
CVVH in vitro use of CVVH can remove e-EVs |
n/a | Annexin V EVs CD31 e-EVs |
cell culture 145 g × 8 minutes 100000 g × 6 minutes |
FCM |
in vitro Endothelial cells |
[74] |
|
HD dialysis dependent patients have higher levels of e-, r- and p-EVs. e-EV levels correlated with vascular function tests |
19 females 25 males |
Annexin V EVs CD31 CD144 e-EVs CD235 r-EVs CD41 p-EVs CD3 CD45 l-EVs Cd11b m-EVs CD66b g-EVs |
citrated plasma 11000 g × 2 minutes 13000 g × 45 minutes 20500 g x 20 minutes |
FCM | adult ESRD patients | [67] |
|
HD EMP levels correlated with cardiovascular risk in ESRD patients |
30 females 51 males |
Annexin V CD31 CD144 e-EVs CD11b l-EVs CD41 CD31 p-EVs CD235 RMP |
citrated plasma 500 g × 15 minutes 14000 g × 5 minutes |
FCM | adult ESRD patients | [55] |
|
HD shear stress varies inversely to EMP levels |
14 females 20 males |
CD41 CD31 p-EVs CD31 CD144 e-EVs |
citrated plasma 11000 g × 2 minutes 13000 g × 45 minutes 20500 g × 20 minutes |
FCM | adult ESRD patients | [78] |
|
HD g- and p-EVs increased with HD |
22 females 18 males |
CD41 p-EVs CD66b g-EVs |
citrated plasma 150 g × 20 minutes 300 g × 20 minutes 15000 g × 30 minutes with EDTA treatment |
FCM | adult ESRD patients | [48] |
|
HD e-EV levels were higher in HD patients compared with pre-HD or PD patients |
6 females 6 males |
CD144 CD146 e-EVs | citrated plasma 1500 g × 15 minutes 13000 g × 2 minutes |
FCM | pediatric ESRD patients | [52] |
|
HD patients having HD had elevated levels of all EVs examined. Patients had elevations in p-EVs after HD sessions |
14 females 16 males |
Annexin V EVs CD41 p-EVs CD144 CD146 e-EVs CD45 l-EVs |
citrated plasma 1500 g × 15 minutes 13000 g × 2 minutes |
FCM | adult ESRD patients | [46] |
|
HD patients having HD show indirect evidence of increased p-EVs levels during dialysis |
4 females 3 males |
CD41 CD62 p-EVs | citrated plasma 180 g × 20 minutes 13000 g × 2 minutes |
FCM | adult ESRD patients | [100] |
|
HD patients having HD had elevated levels of e-EVs which correlated with endothelial progenitor cell levels |
18 females 20 males |
CD31 e-EVs | citrated plasma 1500 g × 15 minutes 13000 g × 2 minutes |
FCM | adult ESRD patients | [47] |
|
HD patients having HD have elevated e-EV levels in comparison to non-HD ESRD and control patients |
11 females 4 males |
Annexin V EVs CD31 e-EVs |
citrated plasma 13000 g × 5 minutes |
FCM | adult ESRD patients | [51] |
|
HD on-line hemofiltration for HD patients may reduce e-EV levels |
4 females 11 males |
Annexin V EVs CD31 e-EVs |
citrated plasma 13000 g × 5 minutes |
FCM | adult ESRD patients | [60] |
|
HD patients having HD have elevated levels of EVs |
5 females 5 males |
Annexin V EVs CD41 CD62p CD63 CD61 p-EVs CD235 r-EVs CD144 CD62e CD54 CD106 e-EVs CD45 CD66e CD20 CD8 CD4 CD15 l-EVs CD66b g-EVs CD14 m-EVs TF EVs |
citrated plasma 1550 g × 20 minutes |
FCM EV thrombin generation assay |
adult ESRD patients | [49] |
|
HD patients having HD or PD have elevated levels of pro-coagulant EVs |
10 females 10 males |
CD144 e-EVs CD42b p-EVs |
citrated Plasma 1500 g × 15 minutes twice then 13000 g × 2 minutes then 18000 g × 30 minutes |
NTA WB EM EV thrombin generation assay |
adult ESRD patients | [50] |
|
HD reductions in e-EVs were greater with HFR than online hemofiltration |
7 females 10 males |
CD31 e-EVs Annexin V EVs |
not disclosed | FCM | adult ESRD patients | [53] |
|
HD increased p- and e-EVs vascular access failure which correlates with ExCor stenosis |
52 females 30 males |
CD31/CD51 e-EVs CD31 CD41 p-EVs |
citrated plasma 160 g × 5 min 4° C then 1200 g × 6 min 4° C | FCM | adult ESRD patients | [45] |
CVVH: continuous veno-veno hemofiltration; EM: electron microscopy; e-EV: endothelial-EV; EV: extracellular vesicle; FCM: flow cytometry; g-EV: granulocyte-EV; HD: hemodialysis; HFR: hemofiltration with endogenous reinfusion; l-EV: leukocyte-EV; m-EV: monocyte-EV; NTA: nanoparticle tracking analysis; PD: peritoneal dialysis; p-EV: platelet-EV; r-EV: red blood cell derived EV; WB Western Blot.