Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of participants at the first measurement of CAC
| Characteristic | Overall (N=292) |
CAC Agatston score at baseline |
Incident CAD event |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 (n=148) |
1–99 (n=86) |
≥100 (n=58) |
No (n=216) |
Yes (n=76) |
||
| Age, years | 39.4 (7.9) | 34.6 (6.7) | 38.9 (6.2) | 44.2 (6.5)** | 36.6 (7.3) | 41.3 (6.9)** |
| Diabetes duration, years | 29.5 (7.4) | 26.4 (6.3) | 30.6 (6.4) | 35.7 (7.3)** | 28.4(7.1) | 32.7 (7.6)** |
| Age at diabetes onset, years | 8.3 (4.1) | 8.2 (4.3) | 8.2 (4.1) | 8.5 (3.7) | 8.2 (4.2) | 8.6 (3.7) |
| Female, % (n) | 50.7 (148) | 52.7 (78) | 52.3 (45) | 43.1 (25) | 50.5 (109) | 51.3 (39) |
| Ever smoker, % (n) | 37.3 (109) | 31.8 (47) | 32.6 (28) | 58.6 (34)** | 34.3 (74) | 46.1 (35) |
| High WHR, % (n)a | ||||||
| Male sex | 11.8 (17) | 5.7 (4) | 19.5 (8) | 15.2 (5) | 9.4 (10) | 18.9 (7) |
| Female sex | 24.3 (36) | 19.2 (15) | 33.3 (15) | 24.0 (6) | 24.8 (27) | 23.1 (9) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.7 (3.9) | 24.9 (3.3) | 27.5 (4.4) | 25.2 (3.6)** | 25.6 (3.9) | 26.0 (4.0) |
| Pulse rate, beats/min | 72 (11) | 73 (9) | 72 (10) | 73 (8) | 73 (9) | 73 (8) |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 115.6 (15.5) | 112.3 (13.1) | 116.1 (15.9) | 123.2 (17.8)** | 113.4 (13.8) | 121.6 (18.4)** |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 69.7 (10.4) | 70.3 (8.9) | 70.2 (10.7) | 67.3 (12.9) | 69.7 (9.7) | 69.6 (12.1) |
| Hypertension, % (n) | 23.3 (68) | 14.9 (22) | 27.9 (24) | 37.9 (22)** | 16.7 (36) | 42.1 (32)** |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 66 (15) | 68 (14) | 65 (16) | 64 (17) | 66 (15) | 68 (16) |
| HbA1c, % | 8.2 (1.5) | 8.4 (1.4) | 8.2 (1.6) | 8.0 (1.7) | 8.2 (1.5) | 8.4 (1.6) |
| AER, μg/minb | 10.6 (5.3, 51.6) | 8.4 (4.9–29.5) | 11.7 (5.4–108.0) | 21.8 (6.8–124.0)* | 8.3 (4.9–30.8) | 22.7 (6.7–157.6)** |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/l | ||||||
| Male sex | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) |
| Female sex | 1.6 (0.4) | 1.7 (0.4) | 1.6 (0.4) | 1.6 (0.5) | 1.6 (0.4) | 1.7 (0.5) |
| Non-HDL-cholesterol, mmol/l | 3.5 (0.9) | 3.4 (1.0) | 3.6 (0.8) | 3.5 (0.9) | 3.4 (0.9) | 3.6 (0.8) |
| Triacylglycerols, mmol/l | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
| Statin use, % (n) | 9.3 (27) | 4.1 (6) | 11.6 (10) | 19.0 (11)** | 7.4 (16) | 14.5 (11)** |
| Baseline CAC score | ||||||
| Agatstonb | 1.4 (0–142.4) | 0 (0–0) | 12.0 (2.0–31.5) | 290.0 (186.5–495.0)** | 0 (0–8.9) | 57.0 (1.0–263.2)** |
| Volumeb | 4.1 (0–148.9) | 0 (0–0) | 20.0 (5.0–38.0) | 292.0 (171.5–461.5)** | 0 (0–17.0) | 52.9 (3.1–269.7)** |
| Density | 1.3 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 2.2 (1.7) | 3.2 (0.5)** | 1.0 (1.6) | 2.1 (1.4)** |
Categorical variables are presented as percentage (number) and continuous variables as mean (SD) or median (first and third quartiles)
a
High WHR was defined as >1.0 for men or >0.85 for women
b
Loge transformed before statistical testing
*
p<0.05 and
**
p<0.01 for the comparison among CAC Agatston score groups (0, 1–99 and ≥100) or CAD incidence vs non-incidence WHR, waist–hip ratio