Table 5.
Summary of the results of the included reviews: the importance of a determinant and its strength of evidence
| Determinant | Children and adolescents | Pre-school children (overall PA) | Pre-school children (MVPA) | Children | Adolescents | Adults > 40 (overall PA) | Adults > 40 (overall ex) | Adults > 40 (overall ex/PA) | Adults < 40 | All ages (≥ 18) | Rural women |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0, Ls [16, 19] | 0, Ls [17, 22] | 0, Ls [17] | 0, Ls [20, 28, 29] | +, Pe [21, 28–30] | ++, Pe [31] | −, Ls [31] | −, Pe [31] | ++, Pe [23, 26, 27] | +, Ls [23] | |
| Sex | +, Ls [16, 19] | 0, Ls [17, 22] | +, Pe [17] | +, Pe [20, 21, 28, 29] | +, Pe [21, 29] | +, Pe [18, 31] | +, Pe [24–27] | ||||
| Ethnicity | 0, Lns [16] | 0, Ls [17, 22] | 0, Ls [17] | 0, Ls [20, 21, 29] | 0, Ls [21, 28, 29] | 0, Ls [31] | −, Ls [31] | ++, Pe [25] | |||
| Family risk | +, Ls [17, 22] | ||||||||||
| Maturation | 0, Ls [16, 29] | 0, Ls [29] | |||||||||
| Special educational needs | 0, Ls [16] | ||||||||||
| Actual BMI | 0, Ls [16, 19] | −, Pe [22] | 0, Lns [20, 21] | 0, Ls [21, 28] | +, Ls [31] | 0, Ls [23, 26] | ++, Ls [23] | ||||
| Health status | +, Ls [22] | ++, Pe [18] | +, Ls [31] | −−, Pe [31] | ++, Pe [18] | ++, Pe [18, 23, 26] | ++, Pe [23] | ||||
| Physical fitness levels (strength, endurance, coordination, agility, flexibility) | +, Lns [29] | 0, Ls [17, 22] | +, Pe [17] | 0, Lns [20] | ++, Ls [18] | ++, Pe [18] | ++, Pe [18, 23] | +, Pe [23] | |||
| Birth weight | −−, Ce [17, 34] | −, Pe [17] | 0, Ls [17] | +, Ce [15] | |||||||
| Motor development | 0, Ls [34] | ||||||||||
| Early growth | 0, Ls [34] | ||||||||||
| Anthropometry/body shape | 0, Lns [29] | −, Ls [17] | 0, Ls [29] | −, Pe [29] | |||||||
| Preterm birth | +, Ls [17, 22] |
Ce convincing evidence; Lns limited, no conclusive evidence; Ls limited, suggestive evidence; Pe probable evidence; BMI body mass index; Ex exercise; PA physical activity; MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity; −− all reviews report no association between the determinant and the outcome; − association found in less than 25% of the reviews or of the original studies; 0 the variable has been found to be a determinant and/or reported a (non)-significant effect size larger than 0.30 in 25% to 75% of the available reviews or of the primary studies analyzed in these reviews; + association found in more than 75% of the reviews or of the included individual studies; ++ association found in all reviews