Fig. 2.

Strategies to address limitations to CAR T cell therapy in solid tumours. Overview of the five major challenges facing adoptive T cell therapy in treating solid tumours—trafficking, proliferation and survival, tumour cell recognition/discrimination, control of transfused T cells and circumventing the immune-suppressive tumour microenvironment—and some approaches currently under investigation to improve them. IL interleukin, VEGFR2 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, Uni-CAR Universal CAR, iCAR inhibitory CAR, TRUCKs T cell redirected for universal cytokine-mediated killing