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. 2019 Jan 8;10:74. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08029-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Photoelectric energy conversion system based on ion pumping in symmetric electrolyte. The electrolyte is 0.001 M KCl. a, b Open circuit voltage (a) and current density (b) generated by light-induced ions transport. c The generated power can be output to external circuit and supply an electronic load. The output power density reaches its peak value of 1.2 mW/m² at resistance of ∼400 kΩ. d Current–voltage curves of two individual CNNM and their series and parallel connections. Inset: circuit diagram. CNNM 1: 46 mW/cm²; CNNM 2: 143 mW/cm². e Light with different power density (A side: 143 mW/cm²; B side: 46 mW/cm²) from different direction resulted in alternating current