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. 2019 Jan 8;10:73. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07980-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — The evidences of electrochemical transformation from spinel Mn₃O₄ into layered A_xMnO₂·nH₂O. a Mn2p, b O1s XPS, and c Al2p spectra of Mn₃O₄ and the Al_xMnO₂·nH₂O. d DTG curve for Mn₃O₄ and Al_xMnO₂·nH₂O. e HAADF image for EELS line scanning pathway as indicated by the white line. f Mn L-edge and O K-edge EELS spectrum along the scanning pathway in e. g Low-magnification STEM image and h–j element mappings of a Al_xMnO₂·nH₂O: h Mn, i O, j Al. Scale bar: 10 nm for e