Table 1.
Univariable Analysis of Risk Factors for At-Home Death Due to Acute Respiratory Illness (ARI) Among Children Who Died of ARI (Cases) and Age-Matched Controls
| Factor | Cases (n = 63) | Controls (n = 110) | OR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socioeconomic characteristics | ||||
| Precarious household conditions | ||||
| Home made of tin or wood and with a dirt floor | 38 (60.3) | 45 (40.9) | 2.30 (1.16–4.58) | .018 |
| No running water | 15 (23.8) | 4 (3.6) | 6.14 (2.01–18.77) | .001 |
| Crowding (>3 person per bedroom) | 39 (61.9) | 33 (30) | 3.54 (1.74–7.19) | <.001 |
| Tobacco smoke inside | 34 (53.9) | 52 (47.3) | 1.40 (.71–2.77) | .328 |
| Vulnerable mother | ||||
| Adolescent age (<19 y) | 11 (17.5) | 6 (5.4) | 3.04 (1.11–8.30) | .030 |
| Incomplete primary education | 52 (82.5) | 83 (75.4) | 2.11 (.91–4.87) | .080 |
| Single marital status | 10 (15.9) | 16 (14.5) | 1.15 (.45–2.94) | .763 |
| Does not receive state aid | 17 (26.9) | 26 (23.6) | 1.31 (.64–2.69) | .451 |
| Previous interactions with healthcare system | ||||
| Incomplete vaccinations for age | 16 (25.4) | 9 (8.2) | 3.35 (1.42–7.92) | .006 |
| Never attended well-child visit | 4 (6.3) | 2 (1.8) | 3.61 (.65–19.91) | .141 |
| No or incomplete prenatal care | 15 (23.8) | 20 (18.2) | 1.15 (.55–2.44) | .701 |
| Biological and clinical characteristics | ||||
| Male sex | 33 (52.4) | 49 (44.9) | 1.36 (.69–2.67) | .363 |
| Prematurity | 7 (11.1) | 11 (10) | 1.31 (.48–3.58) | .600 |
| NICU admission | 23 (36.5) | 16 (14.5) | 4.84 (2.01–11.68) | <.001 |
| Low birth weight | 6 (9.5) | 4 (3.6) | 3.08 (.73–12.99) | .125 |
| Congenital malformation | 6 (9.5) | 4 (3.6) | 3 (.85–10.63) | .089 |
| Events during last disease episode | ||||
| Signs of moderate or severe illness | 34 (53.9) | 61 (55.4) | 0.94 (.47–1.88) | .859 |
| No PCC/ED visit | 11 (17.5) | 1 (0.9) | 18.21 (2.33–141.96) | .006 |
| Risk of SIDS | 46 (73.02) | 75 (68.2) | 1.73 (.77–3.91) | .187 |
A total of 104 children died during the study, and 174 age-matched controls were enrolled from the surrounding neighborhood.
Bold values are statistically significant results, and gray values of the multivariable analysis mean the variable entry to the hierarchical regression (by step).
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; ED, emergency department; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; OR, odds ratio; PCC, primary care clinic; SIDS, sudden infant death syndrome.