Table 2.
Unadjusted and Adjusted Associations Between Food Insecurity and IL-6 Among Women Living with HIV in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (N = 421)
| Characteristic | Unadjusted Relative Difference (95% CI)a | Adjusted Relative Difference (95% CI)b |
|---|---|---|
| Any food insecurity | 1.33 (1.14–1.55)e | 1.23 (1.06–1.44)e |
| Age at visit, per 10 years | 1.08 (0.99–1.17) | 1.15 (1.05–1.25)d |
| High school education or more | 1.01 (0.86–1.18) | 1.08 (0.92–1.26) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White | (reference) | (reference) |
| Hispanic | 1.26 (0.89–1.79) | 1.26 (0.91–1.75) |
| Black/African American | 1.40 (1.06–1.85)c | 1.22 (0.94–1.59) |
| Other | 1.10 (0.67–1.83) | 1.02 (0.62–1.68) |
| Annual household income | ||
| ≤$12000 | (reference) | (reference) |
| $12001–$24000 | 0.77 (0.64–0.92)d | 0.79 (0.67–0.95)c |
| ≥$24001 | 0.74 (0.62–0.88)d | 0.83 (0.69–0.99)c |
| Illicit substance use | 0.93 (0.65–1.34) | 0.99 (0.69–1.42) |
| Current smoker | 1.06 (0.91–1.24) | 0.05 (0.89–1.23) |
| Viral load, log10 | 1.12 (1.03–1.21)d | 1.11 (1.02–1.19)c |
| CD4 cells/mm3 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | … |
| BMI, per 3 kg/m2 | 1.09 (1.07–1.11)e | 1.09 (1.06–1.11)e |
| Intake of high-fat foods, servings per day, per 3 | 1.16 (1.03–1.30)c | 1.14 (0.99–1.32) |
| Intake of sugar, servings per day, per 3 | 1.13 (0.98–1.31) | 1.08 (0.89–1.29) |
| Intake of red and processed meat, servings per day, per 3 | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | … |
| Intake of fruits and vegetables, servings per day, per 3 | 0.96 (0.77–1.17) | … |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IL-6, interleukin-6.
aThe natural logarithm of IL-6 was used to satisfy the assumption of a normal distribution. The relative differences are natural exponential e of the regression coefficients, and are interpreted as multiplicative factors.
bThis multivariable linear regression model examined the relationship between food insecurity and IL-6 adjusting for age, education, race/ethnicity, annual household income, illicit substance use, current smoker, viral load, BMI, intake of high fat food, and intake of sugar.
c P < .05.
d P < .01.
e P < .001.